Term
What is the difference b/w cis and trans conformations of alleles? During what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur? Do sister chromatids cross-over? |
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Definition
Cis conformation= the two dominant or wildtype alleles are on the same homolog AB/ab or ++/ab Trans conformation= the two dominant or wildtype alleles are on different homologs Ab/aB or +b/a+ Crossing over occurs at the 4 chromatid stage...chrossing over is b/w two non-sister chromatids. Sister chromatids rarely cross-over...these aren't even really considered anyway bc they don't produce new allele frequencies. |
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Term
| Equation for conditional probability. |
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Definition
Conditional probability is the probability that one event (A) with occur knowing that another event (B) has already happened (A given B) P(AB) P(AB) P(A|B)= P(B) or P(B|A)=P(A) |
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Term
How are males and females distinguishable in ZW animals (birds, butterflies)? How can you tell the difference b/w an autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant trait when looking at a pedigree? How can you tell the difference b/w an X-linked recessive trait and an X-linked dominant trait when looking at a pedigree? When is Bayes' theorem used? |
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Definition
Females= ZW (heterogametic) Males= ZZ (homogametic) Autosomal recessive traits are more rare and often skip a generation. Autosomal dominant traits are more common and are often in every generation. X-linked recessive traits are more common in males than in females. X-linked dominant traits are present in every generation, passed down from mother to son. Bayes' theorem is used to calculate you know the conditional probability of a certain event, P(A|B), but the other, P(B|A) is of more interest. |
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Term
What does it mean if two events are mutually exclusive? How many chromosomes in drosophila? The Y chromosome evolved by... |
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Definition
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive...that is, they cannot occur simultaneously. ex: flipping a coin produces either heads or tails...never both. Drosophila have 4 chromosomes. The Y chromosome evolved by degeneration of the X chromosome. |
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Term
True/False: Recombination happens only in regions that pair; therefore, the Y chromosome has little recombination. What is aneuploidy? |
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Definition
TRUE: Recombination happens only in regions that pair; therefore, the Y chromosome has little recombination. Aneuploidy= abnormal chromosome number. |
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Term
What is the psuedoautosomal region? What allows for Mendel's law of segregation? What allows for Mendel's law of assortment? |
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Definition
Psuedoautosomal region= homologous sequences of nucleotides on the X and Y chromosomes...genes located within them are inherited just like any autosomal gene. Mendel's law of segregation is explained by the fact that homologous chromosomes become seperated into different gamets during meiosis. Mendel's law of assortment is explained by the fact that homologous chromosomes align independently during meiosis. |
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Term
| According to the number of genes, how do you determine the number of genotypes and phenotypes associated with it? |
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Definition
# of genes # of genotypes # of phenotypes 1 31=3 21=2 2 32=9 22=4 3 33=27 23=8
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Term
The process of introducing non-native DNA from the environment into a bacterial cell. In E.coli, mating types are controlled by... Inheritence of genomic material between E.coli is unidirectional...what does that mean? |
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Definition
Transformation= the process of introducing non-natice DNA from the environment into a bacterial cell. In E.coli, mating types are controlled by the fertility factor, or F plasmid. Unidirectional means that information is passed from the donor to recipient, but not vice versa. |
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Term
| Plasmid that has integrated itself into the genome by recombination. |
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Definition
| Episome= the plasmid that integrated itself into the genome by recombination. |
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