Term
| 3 characteristics Biologist recognized genetic material must posses |
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Definition
1. contains complex information
2. replicate faithfully
3. must encode phenotype |
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Term
| What componants make up a nucleotide |
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Definition
phosphate group
Sugar (deoxyribose, ribose)
Nutrogen containing base ( A, T, G, C, U) |
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Term
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Definition
| string of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages |
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Term
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Definition
a bicyclic base
Adenine and Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
a six member ring
cytosine, thymine, and Uracil
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Term
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Definition
| bonds connect the phosphate groups and sugars together forming the backbone for DNA and RNA |
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Term
| What does the term, antiparallel, refer to? |
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Definition
| one starand of DNA goes from 5' to 3', while the opposite strand goes from 3' to 5'. |
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Term
| the term complementary DNA strands refers to ... |
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Definition
the fact that bas pairs match up, therefore if one strand has
AGCCGAATT
the complementary strand would be
TCGGCTTAA |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme that add or remove fotations from the DNA by temporarily breaking the nucleotide strands, twisting, the re-joining the broken ends
has to do with supercoiling |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place when the DNA is subjected to strain by being overwound or underwound |
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Term
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Definition
| undergoes normal the normal process of condensation and decondensation of the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| remains highly condensed throughout the cell cylce |
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Term
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Definition
| core particle consisting of DNA wrapped about two times around an octamer of eight histone proteins ( 2x H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) |
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Term
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Definition
| the nucleosome + H1 protein which secures the DNA onto the Histone structure |
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Term
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Definition
| are the binding sites for the the kinetochore, to which spindle fibers attach |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated units of a series of A or T followed by Guanine nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of seqences that are present only once or a rew times in genome, this can sequences that are consitute 25-50% protein encoding genes |
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Term
what does the term, semiconservative replication, refer to?
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Definition
| When DNA is replicated, the two new strands consist of one old strand and one new strand. |
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Term
| What are the requirments of replication? |
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Definition
1. Template consisting of single-stranded DNA
2. raw materails assemnled into a new nucleotide strand
3. enzymes and other proteins that 'read' the template and assemble the substrates into a DNA molecule |
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Term
| What side does DNA polymerase add onto? |
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Definition
| 3' end, it needs toa attach to the alcohol on the 3' carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| short lengths of DNA found on the lagging strands of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to the oriC (in bateria) causes a short sections of DNA to unwind |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks the hydrogen bonds between basses, 'unzipping' the DNA for replication |
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Term
| single-strand binding proteins |
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Definition
| these proteins bind to the DNA after Helicase unzips, and prevent the DNA from interacting with itself |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of topoisomerase, reduces the strain caused by helicase when it unzips DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| starts replication by providing a 3'-OH group |
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Term
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Definition
| elongates the polynucleotide strand, does most of the replication |
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Term
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Definition
| removes primers and places the correct sequence as well as proofreads |
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Term
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Definition
| seals 'knicks' the in the newly synthesized strand that are cause by the primers being removed and DNA polymerase I replacing the strand |
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Term
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Definition
| mismatched bases are recognized by proetins and are replaced by the correct base by using the opposite strand as a template |
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Term
| Replication Licensing Factor |
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Definition
replication of orgins are 'licensed' or approved for replication
only in euchariotic cells as they have multiple O.R. |
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Term
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Definition
when the primer at the end of the chromosome has been removed it can't be replaced by DNA nucleotides, producing a gap at the end of the chromosome. suggesting that the chromosome should beome progressively sotere with each round of replicaiton. thsi would then be passed on through the generation of cells and evetually destablize.
the inablility to replicate the end of eukaryote chromosomes
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Term
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Definition
| are located on the end of a chromosome, contain copies of short repeated seuence |
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Term
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Definition
| adds on nucleotides to the telomere sequence |
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Term
| Transcription requires... |
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Definition
1. DNA template
2. raw materials (ribonucleotide triphosphates)
3. transcription apparatus consisting of hte proteins necessary for caralyzing the synthesis of RNA |
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