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| is the science of heredity or how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring. |
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| a monk who lived in Czech republic. he worked in a garden growing common garden pea plants adn discovered simple principles of transmission genetics. |
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variations in the characters
ex purple or whtie flowers, yellwo or green pods, etc |
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| Waht were the 3 keys to mendel sucess? |
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1. he started with genetically uniform varieties (true breeding)
2.He was able to exactly control which plants mated with each other.
3.He examined many genetic crosses adn obtained statistically valid results. |
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| same version of the gene (identical alleles) for a given character on homologous chromosomes. |
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| Homologous chromosome pair |
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| has genes from the same character( ex flower), but different alleles (ex purple flower or whtie flower) |
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| have two set of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father |
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| What is the hybridization procedure? |
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1. remove stamens from one flower1.
2.transfer pollen from stamens of another flower2 to carpel of flower2.
3.pollinate carpel matured into pod
4. plant seeds from pods
5. Examined offsprings: all flower 1 |
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| cross between two pure breeds. |
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| results when F1 self pollinates. 3:1 ratio |
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| conclusions drawn by mendel |
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1.alternative versions of genes accounts for variation in inherited characters.
2.Foreach character, a diploid organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, on homologous chromosomes. True breeding organims have identical alleles for a give character.
3. if the two alleles differ, then one (dominant allele) is fully expressed in the organims apperance. the other one recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism's apperance.
4.The two alleles for each character segregate during gamete formation becuase they are on homologous chromosomes that are separated during the first division of meiosis. |
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| Mendel's first law of segregation |
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| The two alleles for each gene separate from each other during gamete formation. |
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gene-unit of heredity. A section of DNA encoding a protein.
Allele-one of two alternative forms of a gene
Homozygous-Having identical alleles fro a given character
Heterozygous-different alleles for a given character
Dominant-trait taht appears in the heterozygous condition
Recessive-trait masked in the heterozygous condition.
Phenotype-appearance of an organism|
genotype-genetic composition of the alleles
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| Heterozygous parents have what percentage of having recessive offspring with the disorder? |
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| Mendel's second law: independent assortment. |
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| genes for different characters separate from one another independently. |
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| Waht is the ratio for any two characters that comply with the law of independent assortment? |
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phenotype:9:3:3:1
gentotype:1:1:1:1 |
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| What is the formula for gene distance. |
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| # of recombinant phenotypes / total number of progeny adn multiply by 100. |
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| the products of both allelesare active in the heterozygote. |
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| what is incomplete dominance |
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| There is an intermediate. ex parents are white and red adn there is an offspring of pink. |
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| chromosomes: Humans have ... |
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46 chromosomes
22 homologous pairs of autsomes
1 pair of X and Y sex chromosomes. |
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| refers to the failure of homologous chromosomes or chromatids to separate during meiosis leading to a gamete with either an extra or deficency of one chromosome. |
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abnormal number of chromosomes.
leads to miscarriages or early death after birth
but when invovling sex chromosomes is more common and has mild to no developmental consequences. |
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individual has one extra chromosome (2N+1)
down syndrome. |
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| individual is missing a chromosome(2N-1) |
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