Term
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Definition
| encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a ribosome with preteins |
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Term
| Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA) |
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Definition
| combines with proteins to form complexes used in various processes (intron splicing). Only in Eukaryotes. |
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Term
| Short Interfering RNA (siRNA) and Micro RNA (miRNA) |
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Definition
| involved in gene splicing in some eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
Synthesis of an RNA molecule using a DNA template in three steps
1)initiation 2)elongation 3)termination |
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Term
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Definition
-requires RNA polymerase holoenzyme (complete enzyme/4subunits and sigma factor) to bind to the promoter
-subunit binds to -10 and -35
-GATACT |
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Term
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Definition
| NTPs join to growing RNA chain, simga factor releases and is reused for other initiations. Core enzyme of RNA Pol completes transcript |
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Term
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Definition
Terminator sequences end transcription.
Two types: Rho-independent and Rho-dependent |
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Term
| Rho-independent terminators |
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Definition
| Type 1, twofold symmetry allows hairpin loop with poly-U region after loop. Unstable structure causes termination. |
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Term
| Rho-dependent terminators |
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Definition
| Type 2, contain rut(rho utilization) sequence. Rho factor binds to rut, moves along RNA until DNA-RNA region, uses helicase domain to separate RNA from DNA. |
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Term
| Eukaryotic RNA polymerase |
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Definition
type: transcription
RNA PolI: rRNAs (28s, 18s, 5.8s)
RNA PolII: mRNAs and snRNAs
RNA PolIII: tRNAs, rRNAs, and snRNAs |
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Term
| Euk txn Initiation Promoters |
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Definition
-specify where txn begins
-initiator element(Inr) spans +1
-TATA box around -30
-promoter proximal elements (-50 to -200): DNA sequence that binds to activators; required for high levels of initiation |
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Term
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Definition
| 1)TFIID binds to TATA box 2)TFIID attracts other txn factors and RNA PolII to core promoter 3)TFIIH (helicase) starts to unwind DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that bind to proximal elements and enhancers; determine when and how much a gene is expressed;enhance txn by recruiting RNA Pol to promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence required for maximal txn of some genes, behave like proximal elements but can be up/5' or down/3' of +1, fn from 1000bp away from +1 by DNA looping |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequences that do not code for amino acids and intervene with coding sequences; typically begin with 5'-GU and end with AG-3'; removed by spliceosomes for txn |
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Term
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Definition
| Central carbon attached to amino group (NH3+), carboxyl group (COOO-), hydrogen atom, and R (radical) group. R groups differs in each amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Third base of the anticodon (5' end) can pair with more than one base. Each nucleotide can only pair with certain other bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| substitution, insertion, or deletion of a single base pair (or small number of adjacent bp) |
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Term
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Definition
| rearrangement (inversion, translocation), duplication, or deletion of a segment of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of a base by the other base of the same chemical category i.e. purine to purine |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of a base by another of a different category i.e. purine to pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| Bp insertion or deletion; can lead to frame-shift mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acid is changed to a different one |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acid is replaced with a stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA) |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acid is changed to a different, but chemically similar one-- not likely to affect protein fn |
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Term
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Definition
| mutated codon encodes the same amino acid |
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