Term
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Definition
-disease studied by Garrod
-suggested that some genes encode enzymes
--identification of the inheritance patter of alkaptonuria as autosomal recessive |
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Term
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Definition
-Beadle & Tatum studied
-were altered in their nutrition requirements
-hypothesized that one gene encodes one enzyme (later modified) |
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Term
| one gene does not encode one enzyme because? |
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Definition
1. some proteins aren't enzymes
2. some proteins are composed of 2 or more different polypeptides
3. some genes encode RNAs that are not translated into polypeptides |
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Term
| the sequence of codons in mRNA |
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Definition
| -used in translation via tRNA molecules to makes a polypeptide with a specific amino acid sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| =relationship between 3 base codons in mRNA & aa that are incorporated into a polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
-a start codon
-determines reading frame of mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-studied by Crick
-mutations in T4 phage-> genetic code is read in triplets
--characteristic of proflavin that was impt: it causes single insertions or deletions in DNA sequences |
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Term
| genetic code has no exceptions, is completely universal |
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Definition
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Term
| used to decipher genetic code |
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Definition
synthesized RNA & cell-free translation
by Nirenberg |
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Term
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Definition
-peptide bonds between adj aa
-directionality from amino terminus -> carboxyl terminus (parallels arrangement of codons in mRNA in 5->3 dir) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| responsible for organism's traits |
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Definition
| structure & function of proteins |
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Term
| primary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| secondary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
| repeating folding patterns such as alpha helix & beta sheet) |
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Term
| tertiary structure of protiens? |
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Definition
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Term
| quaternary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
| binding of multiple subunits to each other |
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Term
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Definition
-complementary to codon in mRNA
--tRNA carried aa that corresponds to codon in mRNA according to genetic code |
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Term
| recognition between tRNA & mRNA not due to chemistry of aa that is attached to tRNA |
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Definition
| True, determined by Raney nickel |
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Term
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Definition
secondary structure of tRNA
-anticodon in 2nd loop
-aa attached to 3' end |
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Term
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases |
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Definition
=grps of enzymes that attach the correct amino acid to tRNA
-->resulting tRNA= charged tRNA or aminoacyl-tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| allows mismatching betwen pairing of tRNAs & mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
=site of polypeptide synthesis
-sm & lrg subunits: rRNAs + multiple proteins
-contains A, P, and E site
-->which are occupied by tRNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
of ribosome
A: aminoacyl
P: peptidyl
E: exit |
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Term
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Definition
1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination |
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Term
| Initiation stage of translation |
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Definition
=mRNA, initiator tRNa, & ribosomoal subunits assemble
-involves IF (initiation factors) |
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Term
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Definition
-in bacteria
-promotes binding of mRNA to small ribosomal unit -> initiation |
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Term
| Elongation stage of translation |
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Definition
-tRNAs bring aa to A site
-series of peptidyl transferase rxn
-->polypeptide formation
-polypeptide is transferred from P site to A site
-tRNAs released from E site
--involves EFs (elongation factors) |
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Term
| start codon selection in complex euk |
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Definition
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Term
| Termination stage of translation: |
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Definition
-release factor (RF) binds to stop codon in A site
-promotes cleavage of polypeptide from tRNA
-->disassembly of the tRNA, mRNA, & ribosomal subunits |
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Term
| ________ translation can begin before transcription is completed? |
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Definition
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Term
| one gene-one enzympe hypothesis: |
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Definition
| each structural gene encodes an essential metabolic enzyme |
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Term
| codons do not have more than one function |
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Definition
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Term
| most impt evidence that genetic code is a triplet code? |
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Definition
| three insertions near each other lead to minor defects in protein structure |
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Term
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Definition
polar
-> more likely to interact with other polar molecules by forming H bonds (Asparagine) |
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Term
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Definition
| be attached to a particular aa |
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Term
| least likely to lead to incorporation of wrong aa into polypeptide? |
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Definition
-change in wobble base of codon
-->change in wobble is unlikely to affect identity of aa |
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Term
| portion of tRNA recognized by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase? |
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Definition
| acceptor stem, bases in stem loop regions, & anticodon region |
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Term
| struc difference between prok and euk ctyosolic ribosomes? |
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Definition
none:
both type have 2 subunits
euk consis of prot +RNA
euk are smaller than prok |
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Term
| diff in euk and prok transcription? |
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Definition
| Kozak consensus sequence identifies start codon in euk |
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Term
| termination codons differ from other codons because? |
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Definition
| bind to RFs instead of tRNAs |
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Term
| organication of polypeptide into funtion protein is spontaneous procss |
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Definition
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Term
| ribozyme activity required for?? |
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Definition
| post transcription processing of mRNA |
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