is the study of variations in a population concerned with the diversity, replication, mutations, and translations in the gene.

Mendel’s principle that is based on the observation that some traits mask others

unlinked or distantly linked segregating gene pairs assort independently at meiosis. Traits follow the multiplication rule.

organisms that get one set of chromosomes from each parent.

process that causes diploid eukaryotic cells to become haploid germ-line cells.

the union of 2 bacterial cells during which chromosomal material is transferred from the donor to the recipient cell.

the process in which a diploid cell generates a new gene or chromosomal combinations not previously found in that cell. This happens during prophase I of meiosis.

in e.coli, a cell having its fertility factor integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

            F(+) plasmid has fertility factor

            F (-) plasmid is absent, no fertility factor

the less condensed chromosomal region, thought to contain most of the normally functioning genes.

addition of a 5’ guanosine methyl group, splicing of introns, and initiation

DNAàRNAàProteins

enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA strands from a DNA template.

DNA Polymerase I: .

DNA Polymerase III:

DNA replication is semi-conservative and was proven by Messelsohn and Stahl.

responsible for positioning the ribosome. (Because it is recognized by the 16s rRNA) Precedes the initiation AUG codon and serves to correctly position this codon in the P site of the ribosome by pairing with the 3’ end of the 16s RNA in the 30s ribosomal subunit.

DNA binding protein that increases the binding and activity of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes.

occur rarely in natural nucleotides but allow mispairing of nucleotides when they do occur.

resemble naturally occurring nucleotides, but mis-pair with the wrong nucleotide more often than naturally occurring nucleotides. (5BU-bromouracil, thymine analog; 2AP-aminopurine, adenine analog.

add ethyl groups to nucleotides which cause them to mispair with the wrong nucleotide.

result when a single nucleotide is inserted or deleted from a coding sequence and the reading frame changes.

occur when a nucleotide change does not result in an amino acid change, do not alter the amino acid composition of a protein. Does not affect protein function.

repair mechanism in which a mutated base is removed from a phosphodiester backbone.

mutations that result from a purine changing to a purine or a pyrimidine to a pyrimidine. (adenine and guanine are purines; cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines)

are mutations that result from a purine changing to pyrimidine.

Indels: are mutations that result in frameshift mutations. (insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide)

Inverted repeats

reversal of pyrimidine dimmers caused by UV w/ photolyase and white light. Corrected by base excision repair and segment removal.

enzyme required for the environment of insertion sequence elements from one site in the chromosome to another.

characterized by an RNA intermediate (known as retrotransposons).

an RNA virus that replicates itself by first being converted into double stranded DNA.

excise and change location

Head. (generated by bicoid)

Tail. (generated by nanos)

synergistic aggregate of regulatory molecules that upregulates the expression of eukaryotic genes.

DNA regulatory elements that affect only genes that are on the same DNA molecule.

protein regulatory elements that diffuse throughout the cell and affect regulation of genes, regardless of which DNA molecule they are on.

an enzyme that cleaves nucleotides one at a time from an end of a polynucleotide chain.

an enzyme that cleaves the phosphodiester bonds within a nucleotide chain.

Pol 3, stalls out a DNA lesion, single strand binding protein. Rel A (recombination protein) associates with single strand binding protein. Error prone polymerases eta or iota are recruited. Pol A initiates incorporation of erroneous bases and then dissociates. Pol I continues incorporating erroneous bases until the lesion is filled.

progeny from crosses of lab and wild strains of fruit flies that cannot produce.

when a mutation spreads for nearly all individuals in a population, occurs either randomly or through selection.

integer multiple sets of chromosomes (organism has equal number of all chromosomes).

organisms that has unequal numbers of each chromosome (monosomic, trisomic). Results in disproportionate changes to plants.

result from recombinations of transposable elements in nonhomolgous chromosomes.

1) Directional Selection: mean increases.

2) Stabilizing Selection: mean stays the same, but variance decreases.

3) Disruptive Selection: mean is less fit.

uses selection to alter the phenotype of organisms, assumption is that there is a relationship between genotype and phenotype and that some component of a phenotype is heritable. 

transduction, transformation, and conjugation.