Term
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Definition
| The determination of the base (nucleotide) sequence of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. Made up of basic units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of:
A Deoxyribose sugar - 5 carbon labelled 1'-5'
Phosphate - joins the sugars
Nitrogen Base - Thymine Adenine, Guanine Cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
Purines - You stay pure when you are NOT AT the gold coast. Adenine and Thymine. Double ring structure
Pyramidines: You go to the GOLD COAST when your SINGLE. Pyramids are at vegas and GC. Single ring structure. Guanine and Cytosine |
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Term
| Complementary Base Pairing |
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Definition
| Adenine always pairs with Thymine and Cytosine always pairs with Guanine in a DNA molecule |
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Term
Chromosomes
Ploidy level
Diploid and Haploid
Humans have how many? |
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Definition
Chromosomes are genes which are made up of DNA.
Ploidy level: Number of chromosome sets
Diploid: 2 sets
Haploid 1 set
Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes. |
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Term
The process of DNA replication
3 steps
Name the Enzyme that controls this. |
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Definition
1: Coiled DNA is uncolied by creating a swivel point (unzipping)
2: A new strand of DNa is formed from free nucleotides, joined by enzymes. Added to the 3' end
3: The 2 new strands coil up into a helix
DNA Polymerase III |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA synthesis. DNA +Primers + Nucleotides + DNA POLYMERASE is added. Heated to 95degrees causing the DNA to separate. Cooled to 50-60deg. The two DNA strands try to bind together but are prevented from joining due to the primers. The mixture is then heated to 72 degrees and the DNA POLYMERASE begins to add nucleotides. This process is repeated eventually resulting in high numbers of the pure DNA molecule required. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short pieces of custom built DNA desined to attach to the segment of DNA that is to be copied. One take the top end and the other jojns at the opposite bottom end. Primers are usually 20-40 nucleotides long and are need as Polymerase needs DNA chain to start on. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that allows scientists to determine the length of DNA molecules. This can be useful when comparing DNA. DNA aquired through PCR is place in a well in a gel. Other DNA segments of known lengths are place in adjacent wells. The Gel is place in a bath and a power source attached, with negative terminal behind the DNA. DNA is negative and moves away towards the positive end. Short moves faster than long. Later, when view under UV light the DNA can be seen and the position of the DNA can be used to make an assumption about its length |
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Term
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Definition
Develop and understand ways in which plants and animals develop, function and evolve.
Investigate the molecular basis of disease.
Develop medicine
Solve crime |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA formed from fragments of DNA from different organisms. GENE is isolated using restriction enzymes and large amounts of the required gene is produced by inserting it into a BACTERIAL PLASMID |
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Term
Protein is composed of one or more polypeptides which consist of amino acid chains
How is protein made |
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Definition
Transcription: copy of DNA made by MRNA
mRNA travels out of cell to the ribosomes in cytoplasm
TRANSLATION: mRnA is translated by tRNA. Different tRNAs bring the now amino acids in the correct order to be joined together to form a polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation is a change in the genetic material of a cell. Can involve the duplication or deletion of a whole or part of a chromosome. Somatic mutations are not hereditary while Germline mutations are eg. sickle cell aneamia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by the mutation in haemglobin causing it to precipitate when oxygen concentration falls resulting in a sickle-shaped red blood cell. This can clot and rupture capilleries resulting in internal bleed and lack of sufficient oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| A MUTATION occurs caused by a deletion of three pairs. Resulting in high salt levels, stick mucus in lungs, defective pancreas and liver problems |
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Term
Silent Mutations
Point Mutation
Missense Mutation |
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Definition
A mutation that does not change the amino acid .
One particular base only is changed
Point mutations that change amino acid |
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Term
Spontaneous Mutations
Induced Mutations |
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Definition
Arise naturally as random changes in the base sequence of DNA.
Induced: Occur following exposure to radiation or chemicals. Agents that induce mutations are called mutagens. Carcinogens cause an increase in uncontrolled growth of affected tissue |
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Term
Homologous Chromosomes
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Hemizygous |
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Definition
Homologous Chromosomes: Matching pairs of chromosome which have the sae genes for the same trait in the same position
Homozygous: Organism which has two copies of the same allele (AA)
Heterozygous: Carries different allels (aA)
Hemizygousz: Half the number of genes on X chromosme for males |
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Term
| Environment can alter the development of phenotypes |
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Definition
Excercise, diet, climate for IDENTICAL TWINS
Himilayan rabbits, shave fur. GOOGLE IT BITCH |
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Term
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Definition
Inheritance of a characteristic carried on the X or Y chromosome. More males than females have it as they are often recessive and found on X. Therefore females have two changes at getting dominant while males have one.
All females of affect male will be carriers or worse |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be used to follow the inheritance of traits through a family over a number of generations. ALlows us to determine the likely mode of inheritiance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test cross is used to determine wheth an individual of a dominant phenotype is homo or heteroxygyos. |
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Term
Gene Linkage
Recombination |
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Definition
A number of genes occur together on the same chromosome and are therefore inherited together.
R: Genes are recombined when 'crossing over' occurs - sections on the end of adjacent chromosomes swap over. Results in a new genotype |
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Term
Mendels THREE LAWS
The theory of Particulate Inheritance
The Law of Segragation
The Law of Independent assortment |
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Definition
Characteristics are determined by discrete units which are inherited intact through the generatons
LOG: Homologous pairs of chromosomes each have a copy of the gene and separate into gamets
Indenpendent assortment: Genes on homologues chromosomes will go into gametes indepenent of each other * (Gene linkage is the exception to this rule) |
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Term
| Difference between RNA and DNA |
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Definition
| Rna is single stranded. Adendine, Cytosine Uracil Guanine. mRna can travel out of the nucleus. |
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Term
| How did the discovery of restriction enzymes help manipulate DNA |
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Definition
| Precisely cut DNA and allowed DNA amplification. ISOLOTED SMALL FRAGMENTS OF DNA AND ALLOWED EASY STUDY COZ WE COULD CUT AT SPECIFC SITES |
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