Biotechnology

any technological application that uses biological systems

exons

sense portion of the genes can be stitched together in many ways for different expressions - average gene produces 6 different transcripts

introns

nonsense bits of DNA - removed by RNA in process called splicing

Retrotransposons

viral DNA that now lives in our own DNA

single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) 

where one base substitutes for another

 retro-transposon

Type of transposable element in eukaryotic cells that possesses some characteristics of retroviruses and transposes through an RNA intermediate.

INDELs

abbreviation of Insertions and Deletions.
have extra DNA sequence, orhave a missing DNA
 sequence, compared to other people.

aedomorphism

 from paedo

meaning child and morphism meaning body

sexually mature but still looking childlike

elongated childhood

retains childhood spontainity, curiosity, and joy de vie throughout life

molecular clock method 

As two species diverge, their DNA becomes different, due to the accumulation of mutants. The amount of genetic difference between us and the chimp, will therefore be proportional to the length of time since we diverged from a common ancestor

Find # of mutations per generation and calculate back to number of differences between species to calculate years of divergence

Sahelanthropus

potential last common ancestor of us and chimps

Lived about seven million years ago, in Africa
its anatomy kind of makes sense for acommon ancestor

HARs.

 Human Accelerated Regions

sudden burst of change in a DNA region, inthe human lineage

202 cases

Lissencephaly

HAR neruon mistake -

get a cerebral cortex, that lacks folding

AMYLASES

ENZYME THAT DIGESTS STARCH

selected forsince we took on growing vegetables andmaking breads

FOXP2

Gene that has mutated to help us shape words in addition to jaw movements

MYH16

codes for super strong jaw muscles - enacted in humans