Term
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Definition
| the science of heredity, a precise explanation of the biological structures and mechanisms that determine inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
polymers of amino acids
-20 different kinds
-the order of them determines the type of protein and its structure
-3D
-DNA dictates the sequence |
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Term
Gregor Mendel provided evidence that:
(3 things) |
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Definition
-traits are inherited as discrete units (no blending)
-male parent isnt the only one that contributes
-heredity is governed by basic laws of nature, just as physical or chemical |
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Term
Why is the garden pea in Mendel's experiments the "ideal plant"?
(4 things) |
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Definition
-vigorous growth
-self fertilizing
-easy to cross fertilize
-made large number of offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| alternate forms of traits |
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Term
Independent events
(probability that ____. Soln: ____.) |
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Definition
probability that both a AND b will occur.
soln: multiply their probabilities together |
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Term
Mutally exclusive events
(probability of ___. Soln: ___.) |
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Definition
probability of a OR b occuring
soln: add their probabilities together |
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Term
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Definition
plant the is heterozygous for 2 genes at the same time
(yellow, wrinkled) |
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Term
| What determines if a plants genotype is a heterozygote or homozygote? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
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Definition
| 2 alleles for each trait separate during gamate formation and then reunite at random, one from each parent, at fertilization |
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Term
Mendel's Second Law of Inheritance
(Law of Independent Segregation) |
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Definition
| during gamate formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of eachother |
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Term
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Definition
orderly diagram of a family's relevant genetic features
(help us infer if a trait is from a single gene and if the trait is dominent or recessive) |
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Term
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Definition
| neither parental allele is dominant, both contribute to the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative traits are both visible in the F1 hybrid |
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Term
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Definition
% the number of a given allele represents in the total number of genes
(>1%: wild type
<1%: mutant type) |
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Term
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Definition
gene with only 1 wild type allele
(agouti mouse) |
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Term
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Definition
| gene with more than 1 wild type allele |
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Term
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Definition
1 gene determines a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated phenotypes
(certain allele being in charge of the color of the flower and seed) |
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Term
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Definition
bad recessive homozygote mutation that kills the animal
-losing Raly gene can cause this
(A^A^) |
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Term
Multifactorial Inheritance
& the 5 types |
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Definition
2 genes interact to determine 1 trait
-novel phenotype from combined action of 2 genes
-complementary gene action
-recessive epistasis
-dominant epistasis
-dominant epistasis 2 |
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Term
| Complementary Gene Action |
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Definition
1 of the 2 phenotypes emerge only if both genes are present as dominant alleles
(9:7 ratio) |
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Term
| Novel Phenotype from 2 Genes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| method of discovering whether 2 mutations are in the same or separate gene |
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Term
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Definition
recessive allele masks the phenotype effect of an allele of another gene
(9:3:4 ratio)
(ex: Labs & Bombay phenotype) |
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Term
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Definition
dominant allele masks the phenotypic effect of dominant allele of another gene
(12:3:1 ratio) |
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Term
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Definition
dominant allele masks the phenotype of both allele of another gene
(13:3 ratio) |
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Term
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Definition
number of people with a particular genotype show the expected phenotype
(% of people with gene for cancer actually get cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype
(man with atherosclerosis only develops slightly higher blood pressure) |
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Term
Modifier Genes
(determinant of penetrance and expressivity) |
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Definition
| have subtle, secondary effect on a phenotype from a major gene |
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Term
Environment
(determinant of penetrance and expressivity) |
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Definition
affects the phenotype expression of a genotype
(coat color of Siamese cat) |
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Term
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Definition
| change in phenotype arising from environmental agents that mimics the effect of a mutation at a gene |
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Term
Continuous Variation
(explained by Mendelian analysis) |
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Definition
| ex: height is determined by segregating alleles of many genes with one another and the environment |
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Term
Continuous Traits
(what are they called and what are they usually) |
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Definition
| called "quantitative traits" and are usually "polygenic" |
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