Term
| Briefly describe the two main parts of cell theory. |
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Definition
| 1) All living things are made of cells/Cells are the basic unit of life. 2) All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
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Term
| What do all cells have (including bacteria)? |
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Definition
| cytoplasm and cell membrane |
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Term
| What are the two main parts of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| CELL DIVISION (when one cell becomes two) and INTERPHASE: when the cell is growing, performing its function, and at the end of interphase it duplicates DNA, |
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Term
| What part of the cell is responsible for all the cellular processes? (What part of the cell is the boss?) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of the nucleus? |
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Definition
| spherical, has a nuclear membrane surrounding it |
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Term
| What is the molecule in which biological information is stored? |
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| It has a double helix shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| One double helix DNA strand and all the proteins that wrap it up is called a chromosome. |
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Term
| How is biological information passed down from generation to generation in sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Each parent contributes half of their DNA to their offspring. This happens through meiosis and generation of sex cells, which have half of the parent's DNA. Two sex cells combine to make a new life. |
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Term
| Where is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells such as plant and animal cells? |
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Definition
| in the nucleus of the cell |
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Term
| Where is DNA in prokaryotic cells such as bacteria? |
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Definition
| in the cytoplasm (they have no nucleus) |
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Term
| Briefly state the theory of evolution by natural selection |
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Definition
| Organisms that are better adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce. They will pass on their adaptations (through DNA) to their offspring (babies). |
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Term
| What give the instructions to cells and groups of cells on how to build/maintain an organism? |
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Definition
| DNA; Genes give the instructions to cells and groups of cells on how to build/maintain an organism. |
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Term
| Through what are adaptations passed down from parents to offspring? What is the molecule that stores information that is passed down from parents to offspring? |
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Definition
| Adaptations are passed down from parents to offspring through DNA (genes). |
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Term
| What are the two forms of chromosomes? At what stage in the cell cycle are they in the different forms? |
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Definition
| wrapped: during cell division, and unwrapped: during interphase |
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Term
| What is the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder) with a sugar-phosphate backbone connected by nucleotide base-pairs (A and T, or C and G) |
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Term
| What are the 4 base-pairs that make up the genetic code? |
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Definition
| Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) |
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Term
| How many chromosome do humans have? How many chromosomes do another species of your choice have? |
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Definition
| 46: 23 pairs of chromosomes, Crab eating rats have 92 |
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Term
| What is in the cytoplasm/What is cytoplasm? |
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Definition
| water, nutrients, proteins, the organelles of the cell |
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Term
| What can leave the nucleus? What cannot leave the nucleus? |
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Definition
| proteins, mRNA can leave. DNA cannot leave the nucleus. |
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Term
| Through what does mRNA and proteins move out of the nucleus? |
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Definition
| Through the nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process whereby DNA is copied to make mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA is translated or read to make an amino acid chain (an amino acid chain is called a protein.) |
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Term
| What's the difference between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
| 1) RNA is single stranded; DNA is double stranded. 2) RNA has a U instead of a T 3) RNA can move outside the nucleus where it is read to make proteins during translation; DNA cannot move outside the nucleus - it is read to make RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene is a section of DNA that codes for one protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic is the study of genes. |
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Term
| How many genes do people have? How many genes do most animals have? |
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Definition
| People have around 24, 000 genes. Animals have genes in the number of 10s of thousands. |
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Term
| What is the genetic code? |
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Definition
| The genetic code is the link/information between three letters of RNA - a codon - and what amino acid each codon codes for. For example, UUU codes for phenyl alanine. |
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Term
| How does transcription work? |
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Definition
| The DNA is copied to make RNA, but the base pairs are copied as follows: A becomes U, T becomes A, C becomes G and G becomes C. |
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Term
| Are all cells expressing all genes and making all proteins? |
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Definition
| No, certain cells express - or turn on - certain genes (at certain times). |
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Term
| Do genes affect each other? |
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Definition
| Yes, when some genes are expressed other genes will be expressed and others still will be turned off. |
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Term
| What happens if a gene doesn't work? |
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Definition
| Then, the cell will not be able to make the protein associated with the gene. Sometimes this can be fatal for the cell; sometimes the gene is not essential so the cell can live on. |
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Term
| People are genetically different, so does that mean we have different proteins? |
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Definition
| No, but people may have slightly different variations of the same proteins. Some very specific proteins some people make and others do not. But, really, people produce 99.9% of the same proteins. Also some people produce more of a certain kind of protein than other people make. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation is when there is a change in DNA. |
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Term
| What are the kinds of mutations in terms of protein function? |
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Definition
| Most mutations are negative - meaning the protein does not work as well as it did before or meaning the protein doesn't work at all. Some mutations are neutral - meaning the protein doesn't change at all. Very rarely, a mutation results in a protein that works better, a positive mutation. |
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Term
| Describe at least two kinds of DNA mutations in terms of how the DNA itself changes. |
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Definition
| 1) insertion: this is when another letter is inserted into the DNA code. For example, the code AAA changes to AATA. 2) Base substitution: when one letter changes. For example an A changes to a C. 3) Deletion: this is when a letter is deleted from the DNA code. |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a genetically modified organism. It's an organism whose genetic code has been altered through direct manipulation of the gene code. It's also called genetically engineering. |
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Term
| Give an example of a crop that has been genetically modified for some purpose. |
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Definition
| Soy Beans have been genetically modified to be resistance to a certain herbicide. |
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Term
| Give an example of a animal that has been genetically modified for some purpose. |
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Definition
| Goats have been genetically modified to produce spider's silk proteins. |
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Term
| Give an example of a bacteria that has been genetically modified for a purpose. |
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Definition
| The gene that produces the hormone insulin was inserted into bacteria. The bacteria then produce insulin which can be collected and given to people with diabetes. |
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Term
| What's an ethical or moral problem with genetically modifying crops? |
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Definition
| We do not fully understand the long term consequences of ingesting GM crops. |
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Term
| What's an ethical or moral problem with genetically modifying animals? |
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Definition
| We may cause unnecessary animals suffering and death. When genetically modifying animals, we may cause negative mutations. These negative mutations can result in immediate death. They can also result in debilitating conditions that cause animals pain and suffering. |
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Term
| What's an ethical or moral problem with genetically modifying people? |
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Definition
| Same as above (#32). But also, people are protected under moral, religious and legal codes. Genetically modifying people - with the high probabilities of death and suffering - would violate these codes. |
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