Term
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Definition
| The systematic observation of natural events and conditioning in order to discover facts about them and to formulate laws and principles based on these facts. |
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Term
| What do we call our initial ideas about how the world works? |
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Definition
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Term
| What roles do observation and experimentation play in testing our ideas? |
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Definition
| They help us to discover facts about the world so that we can formulate laws and principles based on them to help us understand the world around us. |
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Term
| What are the relationships among atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, organisms? |
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Definition
| Atom (the basic unit of a chemical element) > Molecule (A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction) > Macromolecule (A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created by some form of polymerization) > Organelle (A specialized structure in a eukaryotic cell that carries out a specific function) > Cell (The fundamental unit of life) > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism |
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Term
| Distinguish between atoms and molecules. |
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Definition
| Atoms are the basic unit of a chemical element—a molecule is a group of atoms bonded together (the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction) |
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Term
| Which are stronger, covalent or hydrogen bonds? |
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Definition
| Covalent bonds are strong, Hydrogen bonds are weak |
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Term
| What are four types of macromolecules of importance in this class? |
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Definition
| Big molecules put together Four Types: 1) Lipids: molecules made of fatty acids—important to the cell membrane (fat inside, water outside) 2) Proteins: made of amino acids 3) Nucleic Acids: DNA made of nucleotides 4) Carbohydrates: Sugars- short term energy, water soluble. Polysaccharides (complex carbs) - long term energy, not soluble in water. |
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Term
| What smaller building blocks are the larger macromolecules made of? |
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Definition
| Complex carbohydrates—starch and sugars put together |
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Term
| Which macromolecules are characteristic of cell membranes? |
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Definition
| Lipids are a characteristic of cell membranes. The fatty acids make a barrier to the water |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleus: Brain of the cell, holds all genetic material (chromosomes, DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| the powerhouse of the cell Also has its own set of DNA (Mitochondrial DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of proteins that are either secreted or embedded in membranes |
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Term
| What is the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| made of lipids (fatty acids) |
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Term
| What are microtubules made of, and what is one thing they do? |
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Definition
| Microtubules are a hollow structure built of tubulin PROTEIN that forms part of the cytoskeleton. Made of spindle fibers. |
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Term
| What are three major groups of living things? |
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Definition
| ? 1) Archaea: simple looking (radical)—found in weird science—marvelously complex 2) Bacteria: simple looking cells 3) Eukaryotes: complex cells—animals, plants, fungi, and humans—have nuclei |
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Term
| During what phase are chromosomes duplicated (replicated)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for programmed cell death? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for a cell capable of differentiating into any other kind of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| You have many different kind of cells – do they differ in what genes they have, or in what genes are expressed (turned on)? |
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Definition
| )? Some cells called “differentiated cells” have some DNA “turned off” so it can’t function. Has only limited possibilities, but specialized for one or a few things. |
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Term
| What is the outcome of a cross of One gene, simple dominant/recessive trait |
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Definition
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Term
| How many copies of each gene are found in each somatic cell? |
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Definition
| Somatic Cell: A nonsex cell, with 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. |
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Term
| How many copies of each gene are in sex cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What were Mendel’s great discoveries? |
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Definition
| Two copies of the hereditary information/units exist for each trait-Parents randomly give one of their two copies of each unit to each of their progeny-For two related traits, one is dominant and one is recessive Mendel’s First Law: Two units of heredity exist for each trait (some dominant, some recessive); progeny receive one unit from each parent (with equal probability of inheritance).Mendel’s Second Rule: Independent Assortment of Traits; The cellular basis for independent assortment: genes on a different chromosome and two possible relative orientations during homolog pairing in meiosis 1.-The units for different traits “segregate” independently of each other (as long as they are on different chromosomes) |
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Term
| What structures in the cell behave like Mendel’s hypothesized units of heredity? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which stage (meiosis I or meiosis II) are homologous chromosomes lined up together? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which stage does recombination happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
| ? Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that contain the same genes, but may have different alleles for those genes. In a homologous pair, one chromosome comes from the mother and the other from the father. |
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Term
| What are the products of meiosis |
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Definition
| Cell division that halves the number of chromosomes to form four haploid gametes. -Meiosis is only used for sex cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly wound continuous molecule of DNA and the proteins wrapped around it |
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Term
| Are two alleles more likely to be separated by recombination if they are close to one another, or if they’re far apart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can we use the fact that far apart alleles recombine figure out the arrangement of genes on a chromosome? |
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Definition
| yes you can figure out the location of genes when you know how far apart they are from other genes on the chromosomes |
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Term
| Why is the gene SRY of such importance to half the students in this class? |
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Definition
| SRY is the “Sex-determining Region Y” gene which initiates male sex determination |
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Term
| Sex-linked, recessive traits like red-green color-blindness and hemophilia show up in the phenotypes of men more than of women. Can you explain why? |
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Definition
| Sex-linked traits are carried on the X chromosome. Women, XX, have two X chromosomes giving them a better chance of getting a X+ as well as an X- which would mean they would have the dominant phenotype. Men, XY, only have one X chromosome, so if they get the X- gene they will have the recessive phenotype |
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Term
| DNA – what it’s made of and how it works |
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Definition
| DNA is made up of nucleotides To form new cells dna must unwind and separate into a “ladder” then the “rungs” of the ladder come back together and form new cells. A to T; C to G |
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Term
| What is the shape of the DNA molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule? |
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Definition
| Connected to the phosphate/sugar backbone |
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Term
| What is the backbone of the DNA molecule made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What units is each nucleotide made of? |
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Definition
| A phosphate group (ATCG), a nitrogen base, and a sugar |
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Term
| What’s the relationship between DNA and nucleotides? |
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Definition
| Each DNA strand consists of a sequence of nucleotides, held together by a “phosphate/sugar backbone” that is identical at each step with 5’ and 3’ ends. |
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Term
| The “alphabet” of DNA consists of 4 letters; which ones? |
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Definition
| ATCG Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine |
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Term
| When the two strands of the DNA molecule are attached to each other, the A bonds with ____? C bonds with ____? |
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Definition
| A bonds with T; C bonds with G |
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Term
| If the coding strand of a DNA molecule reads 5’-AACTTAGAC-3’, what is the code on the other strand of the DNA at this location? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA sequence consist of genome which give a complete set of instructions in the cells of an organism Uses different sequences to build protein |
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Term
| How does DNA replicate? (Think about unwinding, breaking hydrogen bonds, and assembling nucleotides in the proper order on the DNA. |
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Definition
| Called DNA synthesis—happens before meiosis and mitosis (DNA replicated before cell division) The DNA strand unwinds and separates at several points (breaking hydrogen bonds). Each parental strand provides a template that attracts and binds complementary bases, A with T, and G with C. Sugar-phosphate backbones of daughter strands close. Then you have two strands of DNA |
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Term
| Why is the process of DNA replication considered semi-conservative? |
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Definition
| When you’re done you have two strands of doubled halves. It has one original strand (from parents), and one is made to match |
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Term
| At what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? |
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Definition
| During the S-phase—think “S” synthesis, also known as “Interphase”, |
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Term
| What enzyme assembles the new copy of DNA on the old one? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a gene. “Loss-of-function” (recessive) mutations alter the genetic code such that a non-functional protein is produced |
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Term
| What causes it (mutation)? |
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Definition
| Mutations can happen during cell division due to mistakes in DNA replication; as a result of chemical damage (UV, x-rays, and other high energy radiation, or chemical damage (oxidation)) |
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Term
| Are most mutations due to external influences, or internal ones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do mutations always cause harm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can mutations decrease or increase the amount of DNA on a chromosome? |
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Definition
| Yes. Change in chromosome number may involve even larger mutations. |
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Term
| What are loss-of-function mutations and gain-of-function mutations? |
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Definition
| Loss-of-function: (-) recessive mutation that can result in complete (null alleles) or partial losses of gene function Gain-of-function: can cause gene to be overly active, cause a gene to be expressed in places where it isn’t normally expressed, or causes a gene to take on new functions unrelated to its normal function |
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Term
| ow do these terms relate to Mendel’s terms dominant and recessive (loss of function and gain of function mutations)? |
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Definition
| Dominant=gain of function Recessive=loss of function |
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Term
| What are multifactorial traits? |
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Definition
| A trait determined by several genes and the environment Ex: A person who grows up drinking lots of milk and eating healthy meals may be stronger and taller than a person who did not have these resources |
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Term
| Is a phenotype the result of the genotype only, or are other things involved? |
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Definition
| Other things are involved—the environment (resources available, food, etc.) |
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Term
| What are conserved DNA sequences? |
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Definition
| ? Sequences that occur across species or in different molecules produced by an organism (think ‘conserved DNA’) |
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Term
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Definition
| A Phylogeny is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics. (Based on sequences of amino acids |
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Term
| Why is protein synthesis important |
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Definition
| It creates proteins and our body needs proteins(?) dna is made of proteins |
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Term
| What do proteins do for us? |
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Definition
| Proteins do all the work in a cell…they make shit happen—help our body function |
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Term
| How are amino acid sequence, protein shape, and protein function related? |
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Definition
| Amino acids link together to make proteins, protein shape is determined by the shape of the amino acids which vary (although they do have constants), and the amino acids since they make up the protein will determine its function |
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Term
| How is RNA different from DNA? |
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Definition
| DNA is more stable—storage/heredity -Stores RNA and protein-encoding information, and transfers information to daughter cells (closed—double stranded) -Bases: ATCG RNA is less stable—gene expression/intermediate (needed to turn genes on and off and are therefore unstable)-Bases: AUCG-Carries protein-encoding information, and helps make proteins (Exposed—generally single stranded) |
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Term
| What are the functions of m-RNA, t-RNA, and r-RNA? |
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Definition
| mRNA: “messenger” RNA—encodes proteins tRNA: “transfer” RNA—connects mRNA to amino acids during protein synthesis rRNA: “ribosomal” RNA—RNA that, with protein, comprises ribosomes |
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Term
| Briefly describe the steps in the process of making a protein based on a particular DNA sequence; include these three types of RNA in your brief explanation. |
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Definition
| DNA has a coding strand that has a complementary template strand, mRNA creates a complementary strand to the template strand using the bases AUCG, then the tRNA makes a complementary strand based on the mRNA strand that translates genetic code, bringing together amino acids specified by DNA coding strand, rRNA mixed with the proteins created from the process make ribosomes |
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Term
| What is a promoter, in a DNA sequence? |
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Definition
| In transcription initiation, transcription factors and RNA polymerase are attracted to a promoter, which is a special sequence that signals the start of the gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| (AUG) the start codon says where to start the process of translation |
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Term
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Definition
| (UGA, UAA, and UAG) signify when to stop the process of translation |
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Term
| Is a protein usually coded for by a single, continuous sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the just-produced “pre-m-RNA” differ from the final product? |
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Definition
| ? Pre mRNA contains introns and exons, a mature mRNA cap contains only exons and is exported to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores -Introns are not useful to our development and function (for the most part) |
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Term
| Where does the final product go to make a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many letters in the code for each amino acid? |
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Definition
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