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GENETICS II
For Prelim I - lec 4,5,6,7
30
Biology
Undergraduate 3
02/15/2012

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Term
heredity
Definition
passing of traits or characteristis from parent to offspring through inheritance of genes
Term
Gregor Mendel introduced the idea of :
Definition
Particulate Inheritance
Term
particulate inheritance
Definition
A specific genetic unti ontrolling a single genetic trait is passed on from generation to generation.
Term
true-breeding individuals
Definition
- if crossed with self, would exhibit exact same traits and genotypes
Term
Dominance
Definition
when 2 different alleles present in a genotype, only the trait encoded by one of the alleles is observed in phenotype
Term

calculating Chi-squared:

expected

Definition
multiply the probability of that phenotype by the total # of progeny  counted
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
heterozygotes show a distinct intermediate phenotype, not seen in homozygotes
Term

I.D.:

phenotypic ratios are same or different?

3:1 or 1:2:1?

Definition

same! 

 

1:2:1

Term

C.D.: phenotypic and genotypic ratios are same or different?

3:1 or 1:2:1?

Definition

different:

 

phenotypic ratio : 3:1

 

genotypic ratio:  1:2:1

Term
allelic co-dominance
Definition

two alleles affect the phenotype in seperate, distinguishable ways :

-- production of new phenotypes in offspring with parental phenotypes, & the heterozygote phenotype where both of the parental traits appear together

ex - blood types AB

Term
lethal allele
Definition

a mutant allele that may cause death

(homozygous recessive individuals die, 3:1 ratio changes)

Term
essential genes: when mutated ->
Definition
lethal phenotype
Term
phenocopy
Definition

an organism that has normal (wild-type) genotype but a mutant phenotype

 

-mutant appearance caused by an environmental factor

(drugs or pollution can cause birth defects, etc)

Term
Four types of lethal alleles:
Definition

early onset

late onset

conditional

semi-lethal (kills some mutant ind's in pop.)

Term
recessive lethal alleles
Definition
can code for either dominant or recessive traits, but do not actually cause death unless an organism carries 2 copies of the allele
Term
Gene interactions that produce novel phenotypes:
Definition
when 2 allelic pairs (genes at 2 loci) in a dihybrid crossafect the same phenotypic trait
Term
epistasis
Definition
the interaction between 2+ genes to control a single phenotype, masking of the expression of one gene by another gene at a different locus
Term
epistatic gene
Definition
gene that masks other gene
Term
hypostatic gene
Definition
gene whose effect is masked
Term
Difference between epistasis and dominance:
Definition

dominance: phenotype is determined by different alleles of the same gene locus

 

epistasis: phenotype is determined by different alleles of two or more different gene loci

Term
recessive epistasis
Definition
2 copies of epistatis allele must be present to mask expression of hypostatic gene
Term
dominant epistasis
Definition
single copy of epistatic allele sufficient to mask expression of hypostatic gene
Term
anthocyanins
Definition
pigmentation in plants
Term
bichemical explanation of complimentary gene action
Definition
epistatic interaction often arise because 2+ different proteins encoded at different gene loci participate in common cellular function
Term
complimentation test
Definition
determine whether mutations that affect a characteristic are at the same locus (allelic) or at different gene loci
Term
pleiotropy
Definition

1 gene affects multiple phenotypic characters

 

Term
penetrance
Definition
the proportion of individuals with a given genotype who exhibti the expected phenotype for that genotype
Term
incomplete penetrance
Definition
genotype does not give expected phenotype
Term
expressivity
Definition
degree to which character is expressed
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