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| a complex strand of DNA and protein |
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| located on either end of the chromosome |
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| 2 sister chromatids joined at the centromere |
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homologous pair
(homologous chromosomes) |
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| same size, shape, and staining pair centromere location |
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| centromere in the middle of p and q arm |
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| centromere off the middle a little p smaller than q |
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| organized picture of the chromosomes in a cell, organized from largest to smallest in length. Grouped according to centromere location |
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cell makes everything required for synthesizing DNA
Ex- nucleotides, enzymes |
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DNA synthesis
make a copy of all data |
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| increasing growth-making all parts for mitosis |
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| stimulate cell cycle "make gas" |
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| rRNA + protein = ribosomes |
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2 layer membrane
inner folds cristae
matrix-gel like substance
* carries out cellular respiration to
produce ATP
*e- transport
*B oxidation
*Circular DNA |
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Definition
breaks down larger cell parts
has hydrolase or acidic hyrolase enzymes
PH around 5 |
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| package and sort proteins and ship proteins |
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Protein synthesis
Translation |
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Lipid mode
drug detoxification |
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H2O2
catalase
breakdown very long chain of fatty acid |
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important in mitosis
organelles can move around on microtubules |
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| muscle microfilaments used for muscle contractions |
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give rise to microtubules
proteins surround them
centrioles + proteins = centrosome or microtubule organizing center |
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| what is another name for microtubules? |
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| divides, makes a copy of itself and makes a daughter cell that further differentiates |
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| recombination and crossing over |
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Tetrads show
In females diplotene is where oogensis is first blocked |
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| attach spindle fibers, break down nuclear envelope |
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| faculative herterochromatin |
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| both light and dark banding patterns |
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Definition
and organized picture based off centromere position and banding patterns
G band - dark bands
R band - light band
C band - centromere |
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| Type of mutation due to changes in structure |
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Definition
1) deletion
2) Inversions
3) Translocation
4) Duplications
5) Rings |
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| Types of mutation due to changes in number |
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Definition
non disjunction-
* monosomy or Trisomy
Euploidy
* Autopolyploidy- extra chromosomes
come from itself
*Allopolyploidy- chromosomes came from
2 different species
more common in plants |
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47, XXY
* Sterile
randomly passed on |
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| Triple x female (trisomy X) |
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Definition
XXX
* Fertile
Mental disabilities prone |
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45, XO
* Sterile
embryos miscarry |
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Trisomy 18
* don't live past the first year of life |
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| A unit of heredity, a recipe for protein |
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| every parent has 2 alleles that separate at anaphase of meiosis I |
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| How things are lined up at metaphase I. |
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| based on what the chromosome complement is |
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| How the tissues respond to hormone levels to produce a male or a female phenotype |
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| traits that are controlled by autosomal genes, but exhibit different genetic properties in the two sexes |
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| their genes are carried on the chromosomes that determine the sex of the organism |
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| Traits that are expressed in only one sex, even though the corresponding gene is located on the autosome |
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chromosomes 1-22
* dominant, recessive
* heterozygous/homozygous |
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| 4 types of inheritance patterns |
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Definition
x-linked dominant
x-linked recessive
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive |
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A dominant phenotype and a recessive phenotype make a blended phenotype
*white + red = pink |
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Two dominant phenotypes make a mixed
Red + brown = red/brown |
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homozygous recessive will not survive
genotype: 1:2 |
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Homozygous dominant and Heterozygous are lethal
genotype: 1 |
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| genotype does not always result in affected phenotype |
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A genotype resuls in a range of affected phenotype
*ex- huntington and parkingson's |
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| one gene pair influences other gene pair and combined activities produce phenotype |
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| dominant/recessive epistasis |
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| many affects on body, but one mutation |
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| Environmental factor for Siamese cats |
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Definition
| temp affects enzyme activity and changes color on Siamese cat. |
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| environmental factor for bacteria |
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Definition
bacteria with a plasmid works even if antibiotics are present
* bacteria without a plasmid dies if antibiotic is present |
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| What is an example of genetic anticipation |
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Definition
Fragile x syndrome
The more number of triple repeats at the end the more symptoms show. |
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| What is an example of epigenetics |
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Definition
methylation- the more methyl groups the more condensed
* ex Mosaic cat |
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| Mitochondrial inheritance |
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Definition
mitochondria is mostly inherited from mother, rarely from father.
*ex-muscle weakness- myopothy |
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only 2 phenotypes
Parent gamestes AB or ab
F1 AaBb or aabb (look like parents) |
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| linkage with recombination |
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Definition
4 kinds of gametes
Parent: AB or ab
F1: AB, ab, Ab or aB |
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