Term
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Definition
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Term
| monomer + monomer (reaction type/name) |
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Definition
dehydration synthesis (polymerization)
to separate - hydrolysis |
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Term
| monomers of carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| table sugar - glucose and fructose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| structural suppose, gene expression, and cell signaling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| polypeptide chain (peptide bonds) |
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Term
| ends of polypeptide chain |
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Definition
amino end = N-terminus
carboxyl end = C terminus |
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Term
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Definition
primary - unique sequence of amino acids (peptide bonds)
secondary - folds and coils (hydrogen bonds)
tertiary - coil folded on itself (R-group bonds)
quaternary - two tertiary structures together |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA --(transcription)--> RNA ---(translation)--> protein |
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Term
| monomers of nucleic acids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nucleic acids or polynucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
nitrogenous bases - A//T(U) and G///C [purines=A/G][Pyrimidines= C/T(U)]
Sugar - deoxyribose (ribose)
phosphate group - PO4 |
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Term
| bonds between phosphate and sugar |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA double helix strands run ______ to each other |
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Definition
anti-parallel
one end 3' - 5'
other end 5' - 3' |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carbonyl Aldehyde (structure) |
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Definition
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Term
| carbonyl keytone (structure) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alleles are in the same state |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "visually recognized" gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| actually combination of alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| physical trait which showed up |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles remain constant, alleles come in pairs, dominant/recessive, law of segregation (alleles separate to pass on only one), law of independent assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| each allele passes on half of its gene |
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Term
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Definition
| both alleles can be present |
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Term
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Definition
| three or more alleles for a certain trait |
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Term
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Definition
| galactose , fucose, N-acetylglucoseamine |
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Term
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Definition
| H substance + N-acetylglucoseamine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| H substance + galactose + N-acetylglucoseamine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of alleles causes death |
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Term
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Definition
| when one allele has an effect on another |
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Term
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Definition
| single pair of alleles can have more than one phenotypic effect |
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Term
| Chromosomal theory of inheritance |
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Definition
1.genes located on chromosomes and code for different traits
2. chromosomes in pairs
3. chromosomes separate during meiosis
4. genes on different chromosomes independently assort
5. chromosomes paired because of fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| eye color on X chromosome, crossing over, frequency of recombination depends on distance |
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Term
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Definition
| genes linked to chromosomes other than the X or Y |
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Term
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Definition
| Color-blindness (recessive), Hemophilia (recessive) |
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Term
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Definition
| only one X is functioning at one time. Barr bodies stop all but one X chromosome from producing proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| X inactivation center, expressed on inactivated chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| X-inactive specific transcript, RNA that is not translated that covers over the X chromosome which is going to be deactivated |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of a section of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| extra section of chromosome repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a section of chromosome within a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of section of chromosome to a new location (switching) |
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Term
| nonreciprocal translocation |
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Definition
| movement of section of a chromosome without receiving one in return |
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Term
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Definition
| XXY. sexual characteristics not developed |
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Term
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Definition
| X_. females that are underdeveloped |
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Term
| Trisomy 21 (down syndrome) |
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Definition
| extra chromosome 21. live into 50's, predisposition towards disease |
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Term
| Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) |
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Definition
| extra chromosome 13. infants not mentally alert, live about three months. |
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Term
| trisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome) |
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Definition
| extra chromosome 18. elongated skull, misplaced hip, weak neck muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
1927.
IIIS mice - Dead - control
IIR mice - Living - control
heat killed IIIS mice - living - control
heat killed IIIS + IIR mice - dead |
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Term
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Definition
Diplococcus pneumoniae
IIIS - smooth and virulent
IIR - rough, no capsule, avirulent |
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Term
| Avery, MacLeod and McCarty |
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Definition
Heat killed IIIS bacteria and added living IIR to obtained filtrate that contained the filtrate principle.
degraded proteins, carbohydrates, RNA and DNA with enzymes.
did not transform into living IIIS without DNA.
later generations retained ability to generate outer IIIS capsule |
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Term
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Definition
1952.
Placed T2 Bacteriophage in two flasks - heavy phosphorus (react with DNA) and heavy sulfur (react with protein). T2 Bacteriophage placed in Escherichia coli. Phosphorus gone from resulting T2 Bacteriophage but sulfur remained. Thus DNA controlled passage. |
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Term
|
Definition
amount adenine = amount thymine
amount cytosine = amount guanine
amount purines = amount pyrimidines
amount A-T ≠amount G-C |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains one set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| contains both sets of chromosomes |
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Term
| autosomes/sex chromosomes |
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Definition
| everything but gender/gender (XY) |
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Term
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Definition
| leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, diakinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin begins to condense forming thin chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes thicken. homologous pairs loosely align. pair not visible - bivalent |
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Term
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Definition
| shorting and coiling of chromosomes continues. homologus chromosomes reach close alignment. individual chromosomes become visible. CROSSING OVER. |
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Term
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Definition
| sister chromatids continue to separate. seen as individual structures |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelope and nucleolus break down. kinetochore proteins appear and connect to kientochore fibers. polar and astral fibers are produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| tetrads moved to metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| homologus chromosomes separate |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes elongate. nuclear envelope reforms, nuclei generated. |
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Term
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Definition
| short thick chromosomes are present. move toward metaphase plate. no crossing over, no tetrads |
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Term
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Definition
| replicated chromosomes located on metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| un-replicated chromosomes move to opposite poles. chromosomes split (single chromosomes - monads) |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelope begins to reform. microtubule fibers degrade. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA wrapped around histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) which form an octet. connect to other nucleosomes with H1 |
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Term
| centromere location and name |
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Definition
middle - metacentric
between middle and end - submetacentric
close to end - acrocentric
at end - telocentric |
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Term
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Definition
| connects two sister chromatids, location of connection to kinetochore fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| division of one nucleus into two nuclei that are identical in terms of their total genetic complement |
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Term
|
Definition
G1 - growth, organelles
S - DNA replication
G2 - intense growth, organelle synthesis
Mitosis - nuclear division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
chromatin becomes condensed to form defined chromosomes (replicated chromosomes).
microtubule fibers start to be generated |
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Term
|
Definition
kinetochore proteins form at centromere and attach to kinetochore fibers. centrosomes generate polar fibers and astral fibers.
move toward metaphase plate |
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Term
|
Definition
| replicated chromosomes on metaphase plate |
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Term
|
Definition
paired chromatids separate -> un-replicated chromosomes migrate to opposite sides.
kinetochore proteins move along kinetochore fibers
polar fibers push poles away from one another
astral fibers pull the spindle poles apart |
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Term
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Definition
| separated chromosomes at opposite ends. fibers disappear. nuclear envelope and nucleolus formed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cleavage furrow develops and cells separate (regulated by actin and myosin II) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that cut DNA at specific places |
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Term
|
Definition
the separations of any fragments on basis of size and charge
DNA placed in to wells in agarose |
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Term
| direction replication runs |
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Definition
5' to 3' (replicated strand goes 3' to 5')
5' - phosphate end, 3' - ribose/deoxyribose end |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| process of rna synthesis derived from DNA template |
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Term
|
Definition
| the constructin of a polypeptide using the "instructions" provided by an mRNA molecule that has become associated with a ribosome |
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Term
| modes of replication (with description) |
|
Definition
conservative (DNA unwinds, replicates, and rewinds into original strands)
dispersive (strand of DNA unwinds and is randomly dispersed throughout the new RNA strands)
semi-conservative (DNA unwinds and is matched up with another strand, making a strand of one new and one original) |
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Term
| Meselson-Stahl experiment |
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Definition
1958. prokaryotic replication.
found DNA replicated in semi-conservative way.
placed one generation of DNA in heavy nitrogen, let it replicate outside of nitrogen solution, 1st generation contained one strand with heavy nitrogen and one strand without. next generation contained 2 strands with heavy nitrogen/without heavy nitrogen, and 2 strands without any heavy nitrogen. |
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Term
| taylor, woods, and hughes experiment |
|
Definition
eukaryotic replication (broad bean-Vicia faba)
grew root tips in radioactive thymine which marked all the thymines. generation 1 replicated and both strands had the radioactive markers. they were then separated in anaphase and allowed to replicated without the thymine present, and only one of the two strands held the radio-active thymine. |
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Term
|
Definition
found DNA polymerase I. found that enzymes control DNA synthesis
(cairns and deLucia determined DNA polymerase I worked with other enzymes for synthesis) |
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Term
| initiation of replication (DNA) |
|
Definition
initiator protein (DnaA) binds to specific sequences. these define origin (Ori c). helicase unwinds the DNA strand (breaks hydrogen bonds).
DNA gyrase cuts and reattaches the DNA in a way so that it relieves tension of unwinding.
DNA primase binds to DNA and synthesizes short RNA primers.
single stranded binding proteins are added so the helix does not re-wind during this process |
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Term
|
Definition
replication fork beings and DNA polymerase III binds in the 5' to 3' direction.
lagging strand proceses okazaki fragments. Polymerase III detaches when it arrives at another 5' end, which allows DNA Polymerase I to remove the RNA primer and synthesize the remaining DNA.
ligase seals the space between the okazaki fragments. |
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Term
|
Definition
caps the end of the strand when the lagging strand cannot go past the last RNA primmer, but the leading strand has done a little bit more.
telomere adds an extra sequence to the end of the template so that the lagging strand is the same size.
the extra sequence turns and forms a hairpin structure. the remaining bases are filled in and the hairpin end is cleaved. |
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Term
| things PNA polymerase dictates: |
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Definition
| synthesis of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA |
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Term
| RNA polymerase enzyme (parts and function in prokaryotes) |
|
Definition
sigma subunit - recognizes promoter, pribnow (-35 and -10), moves 5' to 3'. sigma subunit falls off the DNA.
Core enzyme - unwinds helix and inserts bases. comes to end sequence (continues GC and then 6 or more A's). forms a hairpin loop, backs up to regroup, hits loop and falls off. (rho independent termination) |
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Term
| transcription in eukaryotes |
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Definition
promoter regions - trans activating factors with cis elements such as Goldberg-hogness box (TATA) and enhancer regions (can regulate transcription from a distance, binds to regulatory proteins and generates enhanceosomes
during initiation - subunit IID binds to TATA region. TFIIB is then attached to IID. then RNA polymerase binds to the unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| one strand codes for many genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| one strand codes for one gene |
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Term
| post transcriptional modifications in eukaryotic organisms |
|
Definition
5' end capping - 7-methyguanosine molecule added to 5' end for protection
3' poly-a addition (tail) - string of A's added to 3' end
intron removal - found by James Dernell, certain pieces of DNA do not hybridize, sections not used are cut out of the strand (introns), sections used during translation (extrons) |
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Term
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Definition
1940's.
worked with bread mold (neurospora crassa) to find that one gene codes for one enzyme. exposed mold to x-ray and mold could not synthesis certain molecules -> put mutated mold in complete medium and thrived -> put in minimal medium and died -> put in medium with medium with different nutrients and thrived in the medium containing enzymes thus enzymes are coded for by genes (in this case particularly tyrosine
now called one gene/one polypeptide hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
eukaryotes - small (40S) unit and large (60S) unit
Prokaryotes - small (30S) unit and large (50S unit)
constructed from proteins, rRNA, and other various materials
on rough ER or in cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
molecule bringing the amino acid to the site of polypeptide synthesis
cloverleaf shape, 3' end of all tRNA has the same sequence (CCA) of which the terminal adenine is attached, tRNA holds anti-codons which match up with codons of the mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
when amino acid is attached to specific tRNA molecule
amino acid bonds to an ATP molecule (reaction carried out by aid of enzyme called aminoacyl tRNA synthetase of which each amino acid requires a unique enzyme) -> once the amino acid and enzyme combination has been created, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase bonds to the amino acid on the 3' end of the tRNA molecule |
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Term
| initiation - protein synthesis |
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Definition
| initiation proteins (IF1, IF2, and IF3) with the small ribosomal unit interact with the mRNA molecule at the shine-palgarno sequence (right ahead of AUG) -> amino acid/tRNA molecule is attached to AUG and IF3 falls off -> large ribosomal unit then binds to the mRNA complex -> other initiation factors are removed and the first amino acid/tRNA is at the P site of the ribosome. |
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Term
| elongation and translocation - protein synthesis |
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Definition
| another amino acid is brought to the ribosome and enters the P site -> amino acids bond to form the polypeptide chain (peptidyl transferase) -> tRNA is moved over to the A site and tRNA that lost its amino acid is moved to the E site (translocation regulated by many elongation factors (EF) proteins) |
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Term
| termination - protein synthesis |
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Definition
| elongation and translocation until stop codon is at the A site (UAG, UAA, UGA) which do not code for proteins -> stop codons have release factors that stimulate hydrolysis of the polypeptide chain |
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Term
| prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic translation |
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Definition
transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in prokaryotic cells (not eukaryotic)
transcription and translation occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells (transcription in nucleus and translation in cytoplasm in eukaryotes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| change or removal of the amino group from the initial methione [met] molecule in eukaryotic cells (formylmethionine [fmet] in prokaryotes) |
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Term
| mesco's rules for translation |
|
Definition
1-start at first AUG (start codon) at the 5' end
2- group mRNA into codons
3-use codon chart to determine amino acid sequence
4-don't write stop, just end |
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Term
|
Definition
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
add bound antigen-> add antigen-serum antibody complex (patients blood - binds to bound antigen if contains antigen) -> add bound secondary antibody (binds to antigen-serum) -> add chromagen (changes color if attaches to secondary antibody) |
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Term
| nature of genetic material |
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Definition
mRNA interpreted at ribosome in groups of three (codons) which each code for on amino acid (unambiguous). Each amino acid can be specified by more than one codon (degenerate). It is also non-overlapping so each codon is for one amino acid, not split into parts. The code is universal so each codon is for an amino acid at any place
There are no brakes (commas) in the code from initiation to termination, each of which the genetic code contains (AUG-met = start, UAG, UAA, UGA = stop) |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of peptidoglycan (a matric of carbohydrate units that are cross-linked by short sections of polypeptides). covers plasma membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
positive - single wall with large amounts of peptidoglycan, stains violet
negative - cell was has less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane, stain red |
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Term
|
Definition
| an outer covering composed of various sugars or proteins. found on outer surface of cell wall. allows bacteria to adhere to various surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| hair like extensions found on some prokaryotes that are used for adhesion purposes |
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Term
|
Definition
| extensions from bacteria (longer than fimbria) that are used for adhesion. |
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Term
| specialized pili (sex pili) |
|
Definition
| utilized during conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which genetic material is transferred to, and recombines with, the genetic material of another bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the cytoplasm where the bacterial chromosome is found |
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Term
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Definition
| small, circular, separate pieces of DNA. have the ability to replicate independently from main chromosome and used during conjugation and antibiotic resistance. also used in biotechnology since they can be used as vectors (plasmid of phage DNA into which "foreign" gene sequences can be added) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| used for locomotive purposes, found all over the surface or in just one area, composed of flagellin |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism which absorbs sunlight for energy and cellular functions, carbon source - CO2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism which obtains energy through chemical processes, carbon source- inorganic materials |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism which depends on light for energy and organic compounds for carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that gets energy through ingesting substances it cannot create. carbon/energy source- organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism which does not require oxygen (killed in presence of oxygen) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism which does not require oxygen (killed in presence of oxygen) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism which produces energy through aerobic respiration but is capable of surviving by anaerobic respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism that requires oxygen and gets energy through aerobic respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| a relationship between two species that live in direct contact with eachother |
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Term
|
Definition
| a relationship in which both members benefit |
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Term
|
Definition
| a relationship in which one benefits and one is neutral |
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Term
|
Definition
| a relationship in which one benefits and one deteriorates. |
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Term
|
Definition
inducible.codes for a series of enzymes that break down lactose. I (repressor), P (promotor, RNA polymerase and CAP binding sites), O (operator), Z, Y, A (structural genes), the inducer
If lactose absent - inducer binds with operator = no enzymes
if lactose present - lactose binds with inducer = enzymes produced |
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Term
|
Definition
z (betagalactosidase - breaks down lactose to glucose and galactose)
y (permease - facilitate the movement of lactose into the cell)
A (transacetylase - ?) |
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|
Term
| Lac operon if glucose is present |
|
Definition
if lactose is present, cyclic AMP (cAMP) is present and it binds with CAP (catabolic activator protein) and this combo binds with the CAP binding site. this makes it easy for RNA polymerase to bind and the operon can progress.
if glucose is present, cAMP isn't very present therefore it cannot bind to CAP and then the CAP binding site. this makes RNA unstable when it binds with the binding site and thus the operon cannot progress. |
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Term
|
Definition
produces a series of enzymes that are needed to generate the amino acid tryptophan. P (promotor), an operator, A leading sequence (leader sequence, attenuator, involved in termination of gene expression), regulatory region, structural genes (E,D,C,B,A), R (repressor gene).
When tryptophan is low the repressor cannot bind to the operator and the enzymes are synthesized, regions 3 and 4 create a hairpin loop so RNA polymerase falls off. When tryptophan is present, the protein binds with the repressor so it can bind with the operator and the enzymes are not synthesized, regions 2 and 3 form a hairpin loop and the RNA polymerase can bind. |
|
|
Term
| mutations to lac operon: constitutive |
|
Definition
| mutations that allow a specific gene to continually be expressed no matter what the situation |
|
|
Term
| mutations to lac operon: I- |
|
Definition
| defective repressor molecule. three enzymes are always made. |
|
|
Term
| mutations to lac operon: Oc |
|
Definition
| operator is changing, binding never occurs. three enzymes always synthesized. |
|
|
Term
| mutations to lac operon: Lac^s |
|
Definition
| superrepressed. enzymes never expressed |
|
|
Term
| mutations to lac operon: P- |
|
Definition
| cannot bind to RNA polymerase. nothing is ever expressed |
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|
Term
| Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum experiment |
|
Definition
| two flasks have partial wild-type e.coli (different wild type genes). when left alone would not grow in minimal medium. when combine would grow (some type of gene transferring) |
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Term
|
Definition
| put bacteria in a "U" flask, separated by a disc which they could not pass through. when set alone they did not grow in minimal medium (has to be direct connection for conjugation) |
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Term
|
Definition
1) F+ cell creates a conjugation tube between it and an F- cell
2) F+ cell replicates its F+ plasmid into the F- cell
3) separate, leaving both as F+ cells |
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Term
|
Definition
F+ plasmid integrated into chromosome
1) Hfr cell creates conjugation tube between it and f- cell
2) Hfr replicates part of its chromosome into the f- cell
3) they separate, leaving the f- cell as a partial diploid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
f' cell was an Hfr cell, but F+ plasmid broke off with part of the chromosome
1) F' cell forms conjugation tube
2) f' cell replicates into the F- cell
3) they separate, leaving f- cell as F' cell with the replicated F plasmid and part of F' chromosome |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1) cell with competent bacterium receptor has DNA (originally free floating DNA) enter it.
2) DNA separates inside the cell
3) one strand of DNA matches up and replaces a portion of the chromosome, leaving chromosome as a heteroduplex
4) when cell goes through binary fission, one cells is "untransformed" and one cell is "transformed" containing the new portion of DNA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bacteriophage binds to the surface of a bacteria cell and injects its DNA. new DNA and proteins are produced to create more virus. the virus gets some of the bacteria chromosome inside of its head. when infecting other cells, the new cells get some of the bacterial chromosome from cell 1 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| viral DNA in the bacterial chromosome (a prophage) is released from the chromosome along with pieces of the bacterial chromosome. these sections are put into the viral heads of viral particles. a new bacterial that is infected by the virus is then given part of the recombinant section (virus DNA and bacterial chromosome) |
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Term
|
Definition
recognized fossil record as guild to life's history, extinction is a common occurrence and boundaries between fossil layers represented catastrophic events.
catastrophism theory. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gradualism theory (change is cumulative), earth's features are explained by mechanisms working on the earth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| uniformitarianism (geological processes are uniform and have been happening since the beginning, effects on earth balance out) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| felt evolution occurred because life had the desire to be more complex, changes that are passed on happened during lifetime (use and disuse theory, inheritance of acquired characteristics) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
decent with modification (diverse modifications of one common ancestral population over time)
natural selection and adaptation (those individuals that have the characteristics which give them the best advantage survive and leave offspring) |
|
|
Term
| evidence to support darwinian theory |
|
Definition
| biogeography (closely related species are found in the same area), fossil recored, comparative anatomy (homologous structures [same bones in many animals], vestigial organs [remnants of structures that are not functioning anymore]), comparative embryology, molecular biology (DNA and proteins in common) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| localized group of organisms which belong to the same species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total aggregate of genes in a population at one time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genes in a population remain constant unless acted upon by other agents (non-evolving population)
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, p + q = 1 |
|
|
Term
| hardy-weinberg theorem conditions |
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Definition
| very large population, isolation from other populations, no net mutations, random mating, no natural selection |
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Term
| genetic drift (evolution) |
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Definition
| random changes to a small gene pool due to random chance, loss of certain alleles (bottle neck effect, founder effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| gain or loss of alleles resulting from the movement of fertile individuals, or transfer of gametes, between populations. migration |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation is transmitted in gametes and changes the gene pool |
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Term
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Definition
| increases homozygous loci but not alter frequency of a gene, assortative mating (non-random mating in which individuals choose their partners) |
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Term
| natural selection (evolution) |
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Definition
| some individuals leave more offspring than others so certain alleles are passed down disproportionately to others |
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Term
| stabilizing selection (natural selection) |
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Definition
| acts against the extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants |
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Term
| disruptive selection (natural selection) |
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Definition
| favors individuals on extremes |
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Term
| directional selection (natural selection) |
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Definition
| favors rare individuals that deviate from average of a certain character (one extreme or another) |
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Term
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Definition
| the origin of a new species |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of changes that gradually transform a species into another |
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Term
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Definition
| sleeping of the gene pool into two which creates two or more species |
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Term
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Definition
| habitat isolation (different habitat same area), behavior isolation (different mating signals same area), temporal isolation (different mating times, same area), mechanical isolation (incompatibility), gametic isolation (gametes cannot fuse) |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced hybrid vigor (zygote development stops due to gene interactions), reduced hybrid fertility (offspring are sterile), hybrid breakdown (second generation is sterile) |
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Term
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Definition
| gene flow is interrupted by a geographic barrier that divides the population into sub-populations which undergo a divergence |
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Term
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Definition
| a subpopulation becomes reproductively isolated from its parental population |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution of many species from a single ancestor as a result of various environmental opportunities and challenges |
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Term
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Definition
| stasis with periods of sudden change |
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Term
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Definition
| species descend from a common ancestor and gradually grow into different species |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA copied from mRNA so there are no introns |
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Term
| microarray lab: green Cy3 dye/red Cy5 dye |
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Definition
| the cDNA under question has the trait |
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Term
| microarray lab: yellow dye |
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Definition
| both the cDNA from the normal tissue and the experimental tissue has the spot |
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Term
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Definition
| neither the normal or the experimental tissue has the spot |
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