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| Mendel's 4 principles of inheritance |
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-genes exist in alternate forms
-an organism has 2 alternate forms for each trait, one from each parent
-two forms segregate during meiosis
-if two forms are different, one is dominant |
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-segregation
-when an individual produces gametes, the two copies of a gene seperate, so each receives only one copy |
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-independent assortment
-alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation |
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| when heterozygote expresses both parental genes BLENDED |
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| when heterozygte expresses both parental genes UNBLENDED |
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| men pass X chromosomes to only to |
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| sex linked recessives generally only affect |
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| environment can often affect |
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| deoxyribose (sugar) bonded to phosphate and nitrogenous base |
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| many codons code for same amino acid |
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| uracil and usually single stranded |
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| holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide |
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| holds tRNA holding next amino acid |
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| chromosomes fail to seperate |
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| may occur spontaneously or be induced by environment |
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| code for different amino acid |
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| ds circular DNA, plasmids, episomes |
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| plasmids capable of integration into bacterial genome |
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| -proceeds in both directions simultaneously |
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| bacterial transcription/translation |
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| -translation can occur before transcription is finished |
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| foreign chromosome (plasmid) is integrated into bacterial chromosome |
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transfer of genetic material between two temporarily linked bacteria
-must contain plasmids called sex factors |
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| regulation of gene expression allows for control of |
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| noncoding, repressor binding site |
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| noncoding, RNA polymerase binding site |
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| usually off, can be turned on |
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| usually on, can be turned off |
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| lethal dominant genes are less common because |
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| they kill homozygous dominant and heterozygous thus lowering the frequency in the gene pool |
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-helicase unwinds
-primase make RNA primer
-DNA polymerase synthesizes 5' to 3'
-DNA polyerase replaces RNA primer with DNA |
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| unwinds DNA in DNA replication |
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| makes RNA primer in DNA replication |
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-RNA polymerase binds to promotor and unwinds DNA
-RNA pairs with one complementary strand |
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| leading/lagging stand occur |
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-5' Cap and Poly-A tail added
-sNRPs (spliceosomes) cut out introns and splice exons |
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-small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA
-anticodon binds to start codon
-large ribosomal subunit attaches
-initiation, elongation, termination |
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