Term
|
Definition
-polymer of nucleoties joined by phosphodiester bonds
-ribose sugar
-free OH group on 2' - Carbon atom of ribose sugar
-pyrimidine thymine replaced by uracil in RNA
-Usually single stranded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries coding instruction for polypeptide chains from DNA to ribosome (It is translated into a polypeptide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used in the building of ribosomes : machinery for synthesizing proteins by translating mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA molecues that carry amino acids to the growing polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| small nuclear RNA (smRNA) |
|
Definition
transcription of genes for mRNA, rRNA, an tRNA
-large precursor mols ("primary transcripts")
-must be processed in nucleus
-functional mols for export to cytosol |
|
|
Term
| small nucleolar RNA (smoRNA) |
|
Definition
| invilved in chemical modifications of ribisomal RNA's (rRNAs) & other RNA's |
|
|
Term
| microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) |
|
Definition
| tiny RNA mols that appear to regulate the expression of mRNA mols by RNA interference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactivates one of the two X chromosomes in female vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| 3 Major components of Transcripton |
|
Definition
1. dna template
2. substrate to build new RNA mol.
3. transcription apparatus (proteins necessary to catalyze synthesis of RNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ss DNA of double helix
- only one nucleotide strand of the 2 making up the DNA helix used for transcription = TRANSCRIPTION STRAND
- RNA strand complementary and antiparalel to DNA template strand synthesized |
|
|
Term
| A few nomenclature conventions: |
|
Definition
- nontemplate strand
- template strand
- DNA
- transcription
- RNA Transcript
- translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ identical to coding (non-template, sense) strand, except U's instead of T's
See slide 13 of lecture 14. |
|
|
Term
| The RNA transcript has the same sequence as the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA is synthesized in a _' to _' direction only.
The Template strand is read in the : |
|
Definition
5' to 3'
3' to 5' direction |
|
|
Term
| Which strand of DNA can be used as template strand for transcription? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The building blocks of transcription: |
|
Definition
Ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTP's) - the subunits!
- nucleotides added 1 at a time to 3'-OH group of RNA mol, in 5' to 3' direction.
- 2 phosphates cleaved off rNTP & other 1 forms phosphodiester bond, no primer necessary. |
|
|
Term
| Carries out the different types of transcriptions: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA polymerases are assisted by several other proteins: |
|
Definition
transcriptions factors (TF), which join and leave RNA polymerases at different stages of transcription.
Each provides a special function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - usually only possesses single RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pre-mRNA, some snRNAs, snoRNAs, some miRNAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tRNAs, small rRNAs, some snRNAs, some miRNAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretch of DNA that encodes an RNA mol and sequences necessary for its transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequence that guide RNA Polymerase to the transcription start site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of DNA copied to RNA mol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequence that specify termination of RNA synthesis, i.e. transcription & release of RNA Polymerase from DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- at 5' end of gene
- binding of RNA polymerase to promoter
- unwinding of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- addition of nucleotides to 3' end (3'-OH) of growing chain
- governed by rules of complementary base pairing
- energy from NTP's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- at 3' end of gene
- separation of RNA from DNA template
- end-processing enzymes (for mRNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. promoter recognition
2. formation of transcription bubble
3. addition of 1st nucloetides
4. escape of transcription apparatus from promoter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of the most commonly occuring bases at each position in a group of related sequences |
|
|
Term
| Example of consensus sequence - a prokaryotic promoter (ON SLIDE 30 of lecture 14) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcription Factors (TF) |
|
Definition
Proteins that are essential co-factors for Eukaryotic RNA polymerases.
RNA polymerase II cannot bind to "promoter" without aid of TFs --> involved in gene regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generic; required by every gene for basal level gene expression (no transcription initiation without these). |
|
|
Term
| Transcription Activation Factors TAFs (gene-specific) |
|
Definition
| regulate efficiency of expression (greatly enhance initiation of transcription). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 25 to 35 bases upstream of initiation site; affects transcription rate and location of start site. In most pol II transcribed genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Francis Crick (1958): Refers only to protein coding sequence of gene and mRNA (exceptions to the rule in eukaryotes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-coding region; total intron length can exceed exon length and sizes vary. Introns are considered non critical. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The entire DNA sequence required to transcribe and encode a single RNA molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A.) Cutting and trimming to generate end products: rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA.
B.) Covalent Modification: Addition of cap and polyA tail to mRNA, addition of methyl group to 2'-OH of ribose in mRNA and rRNA, and extensive chemical changes of bases in tRNA.
C.) Splicing; pre-rRNA, pre-mRNA, pre-tRNA by different mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of 7-methylguanosine to the 5'end shortly after transcription begins. Protects 5'-end of mRNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of 100-250 adenine nucleotides to 3' end and downstream of AAUAAA; process = polyadenylation. |
|
|
Term
| Intron removal by spliceosome |
|
Definition
| All introns have 5'-GU and AG-3' recognition sequence (GU-AG rule), small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) of spliceosome provide catalysis, and introns excised as lariat destroyed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The elimination of particular regions from from the primary transcript in nucleus which results in a functional RNA (mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Precise and strictly regulated biochemical process guided by specific sequences within the primary transcript and other RNA molecules within the "spliceosome" ribonucleoprotein (RNP) enzyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in bacteria only and is a 5' untranslated region before the start codon of mRNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein-RNA complex (spliceosome), responsible for pre-mRNA splicing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self splicing of catalytic RNA sequences (ribozymes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
