DNA

1. What does DNA do?

--It is the..

2. DNA encodes....

-Why is it able to do so?

1. Stores the information for protein synthesis

-- the genetic material in most living organisms

2. the info required to synthesize all cellular proteins

--bc of its molecular structure

1. DNA is the polymer of _____

-Each nucleotide contains one ______ _____

*

*

*

*

--The genetic info is stored in the linear sequence or ___

2. The segments of a DNA molecule that are used to produce a functional product are ___ which are the fundamental unit of heredity.

-The info in genes is used to...

1. nucleotides

-nitrogenous base

*Adenine

*Thymine

*Cytosine

*Guanine

--order of these bases

2. genes

-- direct the production of cellular proteins

1. This is an example of:

ATG GGC CTT AGC 

2. Met GlyLeuSer    

1. DNA sequence

2. Polypeptide sequence

1. Transcription

--•The genetic information in DNA is copied into a nucleotide sequence of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

2. Translation

--•The nucleotide sequence in RNA provides the information (using the genetic code) to produce the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

1. DNA in living cells is contained within large structures termed:

2. Each chromosome is a complex of ___ and ___

3. An average human chromosomes contains

-- ___ nucleotides

-- ___ different genes

4. Humans have ____ chromosomes

1. chromosomes

2. DNA and Proteins

3. -- more than a 100 million

--1,000

4. 46

1. Who/what started to determine the sequence, or order, of the nucleotides in the human genome?

--Goal was to find the order of all the nucleotides in the ____ all of the DNA found within all of our chromosomes.

--Knowing the sequence should help understanding ___ and finding ___

1. Human Genome Project

--Genomes

--diseases and finding cures

1. Cloning: from ___ to ___

2. Transgenics?

ex:

1. genes to organisms

2. intro of genes into another organism

ex: agriculture, pest control, medical treatments

1. Genetic variation?

-1. ____: a change in the DNA sequence as simple as a single nucleotide change can have a profound effect. Creates new ____

-2.___: large segments of the chromosome may be lost or duplicated

-3. ____: single or whole sets of chromosomes may be lost or gained

1. is the result of various types of changes at the molecular level

1. Gene mutations, alleles

2. changes in chromosome structure

3. changes in chromosome number

Traits Are Governed by Genes and by the Environment 

-The traits an individual expresses often do not result from its genes alone

1. Traits result from the interaction between ___ ___ and the ____

2. ___ even has an effect on height, weight, and even intelligence

3.____ may control whether a genetic disease is manifested

1. gene expression and the environment

2. diet

3. environment

During Sexual Reproduction, Genes Are Passed from Parent to Offspring 

1. Sexually-reproducing species are ____.

2. ___ have two copies of each chromosome

--one from each parent

3. The two copies are termed _____ (homologs)

4. ____ contain the same genes 

--Not neccessarily the same ____

1. Diploid

2.diploids

3. homolgues

4. homolgues

---- alleles

The Genetic Composition of a Species Evolves

1. The genetic makeup of a population can change over many generations. This is called?

2. Biological evolution is possible because of _____ _____.

1. Biological evolution

2. Natural Selection

Natural selection

1. what is it?

2. Random mutations lead to:

1. ___: no advantage or disadvantage to individual

2.____: are advantageous to individuals since they make them better able to compete for resources

3.____: make individuals less adapted to environment and less able to compete for resources

*GENETIC CHANGES CAN ACCUMULATE

1. Members of a species compete for essential resources

2.)

1. Neutral alleles

2. Benefical alleles

3. Deleterious alleles

FIELDS OF GENETICS

1. Genetics encompasses FOUR biological disciplines:

2. It is traditionally divided into THREE areas:

1. molecular

cellular

organismal

population

2. transmission genetics

molecular genetics

population genetics

1.

–Fast generation time

Transmission Genetics

1. What is it?

2. •The conceptual framework was provided by ____ ____ in the 1860s

1. It examines how traits are passed from one generation to the next

2. Gregor Mendel

1. The basic experimental approach in transmission genetics is the ____ ____.

-- Two selected individuals are ___

-- The traits in question are analyzed over several generations.

-- ____ is often quantitative in nature.

1. genetic cross

-- Mated

--Analysis

Molecular Genetics

1. biochemical 

2. organization, control, and function

3. Analysis

1.  mutant genes that have an abnormal function

Eex: Loss-of-function mutation

Population Genetics

1. Deals with?

--It connects the work of Mendel on inheritance to that of Darwin on evolution