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Definition
| a nitrogenous purine base found in DNA and RNA |
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| any one of a class of organic molecules that have an amino group and a carboxyl group; 20 different amino acids are the usual components of protein |
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| One of the three major classes of organisms previously called archaebacteria, they are unicellular microorganisms, usually found in extreme environments, that differ as much from bacteria as either group differs from eukaryotes. an archaeon is a single cell or species of archaea |
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| One of the major kingdomes of living things |
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| A virus that infects bacterial cells; commonly called a phage |
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| One of the major kingdomes of living things |
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| single ring (pyrimidine) or double ring (purine) component of a nucleic acid |
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| a diagram showing the order in which intermediate molecules are produced in the synthesis or degradation of a metabolite in a cell |
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| in a biochemical pathway, a defective step at which the normal biochemical reaction cannot be carried out, often because of a defective enzyme endcoded by a mutant gene. |
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| the concept that genetic information is transferred from the nucleotide sequence in DNA to the nucleotide sequence in an RNA transcript to the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain |
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| A protein that assists in the three dimensional folding of another protein |
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| In eukaryotes, a DNA molecule that contains genes in linear order to which numerous proteins are bound and that has a telomere at each end and a centromere; in prokaryotes, the DNA is associated with fewer proteins, lacks telomeres and a centromere, and is often circular; in viruses, the chromosome is DNA or RNA, single stranded or double stranded, linerar or circular, and often free of bound proteins |
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| A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in an mRNA molecule, specifying either an amino acid or a stop signal in protein synthesis |
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| A visible cluster of cells formed on a solid growth medium by repeated division of a single parental cell and its daughter cells |
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Definition
| a nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA |
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Definition
| The five carbon sugar present in DNA |
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| DNA deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Definition
| the macromolecule, usually composed of two polynucleotide chains in a double helix, that is the carrier of the genetic information in all cells and many viruses |
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| double stranded DNA; duplex DNA |
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Definition
| A DNA molecule consisting of two antiparallel stands that are complementary in nucleotide sequence |
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Definition
| A rotein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction and is not itself altered in the process |
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| one of the major kingdoms of living organisms, in which the cells have a true nucleus and divide by mitosis or meiosis |
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| a cell with a true nucleus (DNA enclosed in a membranous envelope) in which cell division takes place by mitosis or meiosis; an organism is composes |
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| cumulative change in the genetic characteristics of a species through time, resulting in greater adaptation |
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| the hereditary unit containing genetic information transcribed into an RNA molecule that is processed and either functions directly or is translated into a polypeptide chain; a gene can mutate to varous forms called alleles |
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Definition
| the set of 64 triplets of bases (codons) corresponding to the twenty amino acids in proteins and signals for initiation and termination of polypeptide synthesis |
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| the study of biological heredity |
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| the total complement of genes contained in a cell or virus; in eukaryotes, commonly used to refer to all genes present in one complete haploid set of chromosomes |
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Definition
| a nitrogenous purine base found in DNA and RNA |
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Definition
| the molecule, formerly called alkapton, that is excreted in the urine of alkaptonurics and turns black upon oxidation |
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| Inborn error of metabolism |
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Definition
| a genetically determined biochemical disorder, usually in the form of an enzyme defect that produces a metabolic block |
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Definition
| An RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA sequence and translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. In eukaryotes, the primary transcript undergoes elaborate processing to become the mRNA |
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Definition
| A set of chemical reactions that take place in a definite order to convert a particular starting molecule into one or more specific products |
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| any small molecule that participates in metabolism as a substrate, product, or cofactor |
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| Any of the individual polypeptide chains (subunits) that make up a protein composed of multiple polypeptide chains |
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| Any heritable biological entity that differs from wild type, such as a mutant DNA molecule, mutant allele, mutant gene, mutant chromosome, mutant cell, mutant organsism, or mutant heritable phenotype; also a cell or organism in which a mutant allele is expressed |
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Definition
| a heritable alteration in a gene or chromosome; also, the process by which such an alteration happens. used incorrectly, but with increasing frequency, as a synonym for mutant, even in some excellent textbooks |
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Definition
| the three dimensional shape that a molecule is thought to acquire inside the cell |
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Definition
| A purine or pyrimidine base covalently linked to a sugar phosphate |
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Definition
| a region of a polypeptide chain that binds to a region of another polypeptide chain to form a protein with two or more subunits |
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| any phenotypic effect that is a secondary manifestation of a mutant gene |
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Definition
| the condition in which a single mutant gene affects two or more distinct and seemingly unrelated trails |
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Definition
| the 5'to 3'orientation of a strand of nucleic acid |
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Definition
| a polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
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Definition
| an organism that lacks a nucleus; these cells divide by fission |
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Definition
| the process by which a polypeptide chain conforms itself in three dimensions to attain its native conformation |
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Definition
| the process by which a polypeptide chain conforms itself in three dimensions to attain its native conformation |
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Definition
| the process by which a polypeptide chain conforms itself in three dimensions to attain its native conformation |
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Definition
| the copying of a DNA molecule |
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Definition
| Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid in which the sugar constituent is ribose; typically, is a single stranded and contains the four bases adenine,cytosine, guanine, and uracil |
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Definition
| The 5 carbons sugar in RNA |
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Definition
| RNA molecules that are components of the ribosomal subunites; in eukaryotes, there are four rRNA molecules |
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Definition
| the cellular organelle on which the codons of mRNA are translated into amino acids in protein synthesis, ribosomes consist of two subunits, each composed of RNA and proteins. In prokaryotes, the subunits are 30S and 50S particles; in eukaryotes, they are 40S and 60S particles |
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Definition
| A DNA molecule that consists of a single polynucleotide chain |
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Definition
| a substance acted on by an enzyme |
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Definition
| A nucleic acid strand whose base sequence is copied in a polymerization reaction to produce either a complementary DNA or RNA strand |
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Definition
| A protein composed of four polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical |
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Definition
| a nitrogenous pyrimindine base found in DNA |
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Definition
| An RNA strand that is produced from, and is complementary in base sequence to, a DNA template strand |
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Definition
| the process by which the information contained in a template strand of DNA is copied into a single stranded RNA molecule of complementary base sequence |
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Definition
| A small RNA molecule that translates a codon into an amino acid in protein synthesis; it has a three base sequence, called the anticodon, complementary to a specific codon in mRNA, and a site to which a specific amino acid is bound |
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Definition
| Change in the genotype of a cell or organism resulting from exposure of the cell or organism to DNa isolated from a different genotype; also, the conversion of an animal cell, whose growth is limited in culture, into a tumor like cell whose pattern of growth is different from that of a normal cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome according to the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule |
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Definition
| a nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in RNA |
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Definition
| base pairing in DNA or RNA in which A pairs with T or with U in RNA and G pairs with C |
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