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Definition
| A polymer of amino acid subunits joined by peptide bonds. |
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single stranded
made up of nitrogenous bases, adnenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, ribose sugar and phosphates |
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| Messenger RNA - carries the information for the specific sequence of amino acids. |
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| Transfer RNA - A small RNA molecule that contains a binding site for a specific type of amino acid and a three-base segment which is complementary to the codon for that amino acid. |
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| Ribosomal RNA - robosomes are the organelles that attach tot he "start" point on mRNA and "read" the codons, associating the correct tRNA- amino acid with each codon. |
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| Three differences between DNA and RNA |
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Definition
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded.
Different sugar
DNA has Thymine, RNA has uracil. |
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| set of proteins present in a cell under specific environmental conditions (Like genome only Prote-ome) |
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| may cause changes in protein folding |
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infecious diseases caused by proteins
ex: mad cow |
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Definition
| are not translated into protens |
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Definition
| are transcribed and joined to other exons during mRNA processing and are translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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| faulty metabolic pathway is present in: |
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Definition
| PKU, hypothyrodism, alkaptonuria, albinism |
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Definition
| substrate binding region of an enzyme |
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| autosomal resessive disease resulting from the inability to metabolize galatose, one of the monosaccharide components of lactose, milk sugar. |
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Definition
| genetic inability to frm te enyme lactase or, more usually, the greatly reuced or lost production of actas after adolescence. |
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| results inthe progressve loss of motor functions, developmental an mental retardation, a cherry red spot on the retina, convulsions and early death by age 3 |
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| Familial hypercholesterolemia |
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Definition
| Defective low density lipoprotein receptor. Autosomal co-dominant, several alleles |
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Definition
| the phenomenon whereby the degree of a gene's expression depends on the parent who tramsmitted it |
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Definition
| autosomal recessive gene produces a nonfunctional tyrosinase enzyme. the normal tyrosinase catalyzes the first two steps in melanin biosynthesis. |
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Definition
| the enzyme that catalyzes the syntehesis of DNA using a DNA template strand and deoxyrobonucleotides. |
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Definition
| A DNA molecule consisting of DNA from different sources; made using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. |
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| A water-insoluble molecule which is soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether. |
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Definition
| Disaccharides are a class of sugars composed of two monosaccharide units joined together. |
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| type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. |
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| The amount of inoizing radiation that has the same biological effect as one rad of x-rays. |
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| the radiation dose that will kill half the members of a population within a specific time. |
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| the Radiation Absorbed Dose. A measurement of the radiation absorbed, as opposed to the amount produced. An amount equal to 100 ergs of energy absorbed per gram of irradiated tissue. |
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Definition
| rare autosomal recessive. Defect in DNA repair mechanism after x-rays induce chromosomal breaks, develop leukemias, lymphomas, and ovarian cancer |
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Definition
| autosomal recessive, defective DNA polymerase in UV excision repair mechanism, extremely sensitive to sunlight |
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Definition
| agents which cause mutations |
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Definition
| a simpe sugar, such as glucose or fructose. |
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Definition
| a change in the dna of an individual |
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Definition
| ultraviolet light causes thymine dimeters in DNA |
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Definition
| a thymine dimer is the covalent bonding of two adjacent thymine residues within a DNA molecule, often catalyzed by ultraviolet radiation or chemical mutagenic agents. |
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Definition
| the amount of ionizing radiation that produces 2.083 X 10^9 ion pairs in one cubic centimeter of air. |
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Definition
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| may be natural or artificially produced, UV rays are most common. |
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Definition
| the enzyme that breaks down lactose |
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Definition
| the appearance of symptoms at earlier ages and with increasing severity in succeeding generations. |
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Definition
| when an amino acid codon changes to a "Stop" codon |
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Definition
| when a nitrogenous base is deleted and all future codons are shifted by one. |
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Definition
| chromosomal aberrations and gene (or point) mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| restriction fragment length polymorphism |
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Term
| Restriction endonucleases |
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Definition
| also called restriction enzymes are enzymes that recognize a specific base sequence on DNA and cut the phosphodiester bond at that site, recognises genetic palindromes. |
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Definition
| a group of inherited diseases in which the production of one type of globin chain is severely reduced or totally lacking. |
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Definition
| encoded by the beta gene. |
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Definition
| encoded by the alpha gene. |
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Definition
| chew up a nucleic acid from one end |
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Definition
| break the phosphodiester bond within the nucleic acid and polynucleotide strand. |
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Definition
| a sequence of base pairs in DNA that reads the same 5' to 3' on complimentary strands |
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Definition
| self replicating DNA which is used as the agent into which foreign DNA is inserted |
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Definition
| DNA is extracted from cellular material, cut with restriction enzymes then seperated by gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
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| a group of genetically identical organisms, cells or molecules which are derived from a single ancestor |
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| a series of three nitrogenous-base sequence |
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Definition
| the modification of genes in an individual to reach some goal |
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Definition
| variable number tandem repeats are repeated DNA sequences at specific chromosomal sites called minisatelites. |
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Definition
(it has been discovered recently that some genetic disorders are caused by an increase in the number of triplet repeats within or near a gene.)
if only one of the two copies of a gene are involved. |
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Definition
recognises that something is wrong with the DNA
endonuclease cut the strand where the mutation can be detected
exonuclease chew out the DNA strand that doesn't fit right
DNA polymerase to replace the chewed out strand.
DNA ligase to join up the new strand with the origonal. |
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Definition
| an enzyme that can rejoin a broken phosphodiester bond in a nucleic acid |
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Definition
| the process by which energy travels through space or a medium such as air |
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Definition
| like UV light which is a powerful mutagen. |
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Definition
| electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation that is capable of producing ions during the interaction with other matter. |
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Definition
| uses strains of the bacterium salmonella typhirium which cannot make their own histidine, and exposes them to a possible mutagen, then plates them on a histidine-free medium and looks for growth. |
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Definition
| malignant cells lack "specificity" they will mix with all types of cells, they do not just stick to their own kind. |
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Definition
| the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to the other, often via the bloodstream or lymphatic system |
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Definition
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| because of the translocation of a chromosome, or gene on the chromosome, many cancers can be caused. |
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| an anti-oncogene (shuts down a cell in which a mutation has been detected) |
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Definition
| a gene that induces or continues uncontrolled cell proliferation |
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Definition
| the characteristic of cells in which ex: liver cells only stick to liver cells |
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Definition
| the mutation of a gene causes cancer |
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Definition
| the study of factors that control the presence or absence of disease. |
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Definition
| An enzyme-catalyzed, light-independent process of repair of ultraviolet-light-induced thymine dimers in DNA that involves removal of the dimers and synthesis of a new piece of DNA complementary to the undamaged strand. |
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Definition
| An abnormal chromosome with two centromeres rather than the normal one. |
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Definition
| A DNA fragment which has been cut by a restriction enzyme. |
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Definition
| genetic disorder in which enlargement of the thyroid gland is associated with deficient circulating thyroid hormone. |
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Definition
| Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals |
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Definition
| A base analog is a chemical that can substitute a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids. |
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Definition
| Inhibition of cell division in normal (noncancerous) cells when they contact a neighboring cell. |
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Definition
| Oncogenic genes are responsible for the transformation of normal cells into tumour cells. |
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Definition
| 3 bases on tRNA complementary to mRNA codon. |
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Definition
| The small cellular structure in which RNA translates the genetic code into proteins. |
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Definition
| the nine a-amino acids required for protein synthesis that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained in the diet: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. |
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Definition
| An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron. They're very reactive. |
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Definition
| It forms an essential part of the structure of hemoglobin and participates intimately in the uptake and release of oxygen by this protein. |
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA molecules from a DNA template in a process called trascription. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. |
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Definition
| Any enzyme that can cleave the sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid |
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Term
| expanded trinucleotide repeats |
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Definition
| Trinucleotide repeat expansions have been shown to cause a number of neurodegenerative diseases |
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Definition
| a tumor supressor gene found to be related to amany different kinds of cancerous tumors. Normal p53 serves two functions. |
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Definition
| The amino acid sequence of a protein. |
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