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Definition
| one of two or more alternate form of a gene |
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Definition
| structure consisting of DNA and associated proteins that carries and transmits generic information |
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Definition
| Genetic factor that helps determine a trait; often defined at the molecular level as a DNA sequence that is transcribed into a RNA molecule. |
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| position on a chromosome where a specific gene is located |
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Definition
| study of the content, organization and function of genetic information in whole genomes. |
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Definition
| field of genetics that encompasses the basic chromosome and how traits are inherited |
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Definition
| study of the chemical nature of genetic information and how it is encoded, replicated and expressed |
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| study of the genetic composition of populations and how a populations collective group of genes changes with the passage of time |
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| transformation of bacteria |
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Definition
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Definition
| type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA. Adenine and guarine are purines |
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| type if nireogenous base in DNA and RNA. Cytosine, tymine, and uracil are prymidines |
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Definition
| Bacterial DNA confined to a definite region of the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| process by which DNA is synthesized from a single stranded nucleotide template. |
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Definition
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| method for identifying genes that influence a specific phenotype. Random mutations are induced in a pop of organisms and indv organisms. |
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| used to culture bacteria or some other microorganism; contains all the nutrients required for growth and synthesis, including those normally synthesized by the organism. nutritional mutants can grow on complete medium. |
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Definition
| used to culture bacteria or some other microorganism; contains only the nutrients required by prototropic cells, a carbon source, essential elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, certain vitamins, and other rquired ions and nutrients. |
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| supplemented minimal media |
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Definition
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Definition
| test designed to determine whether two different mutation are at the same locus or at different loci. If mutations are on the same loci it will have mutation, if not it will have wild-type. |
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| operational definition of gene |
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Definition
A set of mutations that make up a single
complementation group. Remember any pair of mutations within a complementation group fail to complement each other. |
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Definition
| heritable change in genetic information |
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Term
| What evidence indicates that the genetic material is in the nucleus of the cell? |
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Definition
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| What evidence indicates that DNA is the genetic material? |
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Definition
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| Describe DNA structure in as much detail as possible. |
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Definition
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Term
| What clues to DNA function can be gathered from understanding DNA structure? |
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Definition
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| What happens during replication of DNA? |
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Definition
| 1. helicase 2. RNA primer 3. leading (polymerase) 4. lagging (okazaki) 5. linked bu ligase 6. primase |
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| List 5 functions of proteins. |
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Definition
•Structural support
•Produce energy
•Cell signaling
•Synthesize or break down molecules •Cell motility |
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Term
| What evidence indicates that protein structure affects heritability of traits? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a mutant screen and how would you perform a mutant screen? |
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Definition
| A mutant screen can be used to isolate a set of mutants affecting a single biological process. |
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Term
determine the order of events in a signaling pathway given
sufficient data as in the Beadle and Tatum experiments and the Garrod
experiment. |
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Definition
Develop a hypothesis, Predict the expected outcome if an enzyme was missing, Determine whether the results corresponded to the original hypothesis.
1- Decide which process to study.
2- Decide what sort of mutations you expect if the process is disrupted.
3- Identify mutants by doing a mutant screen.
4- Perform complementation tests to find out how many genes you’ve identified.
5- Identify the gene products, what they do, how they interact with each other, and the order
in which they function. |
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Term
What is the 1 gene : 1 enzyme hypothesis and what evidence supported this
hypothesis? Are there exceptions to this hypothesis? What are they? |
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Definition
1- DNA can carry large amounts of information by varying the sequence of nitrogenous bases.
2- Complementary nature of bases makes it possible to replicate DNA.
3- The Central Dogma (Crick, 1958 and 1970). |
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Term
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
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Definition
| biological information flows in only one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins. only 1 gene per polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| In a blunt-ended molecule both strands terminate in a base pair. |
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Definition
| process that separates the strands of double stranded DNA when it is heated |
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Definition
| gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. |
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Definition
| occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species a) sympatry: one interbreeding population; b) discrete forms; and c) not maintained just by mutation. |
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Definition
used to separate DNA fragments. DNA fragments separated by size in an electric field
DNA negatively charged (phosphate backbone): distance migrated is proportional to size of fragment
Separated through gel matrix |
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Term
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Definition
Complementary strands of nucleic acids find each other and bind
• A–T and C–G base pairing
• Success dependent on temperature, salt, sequence, and concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA on gel and membrane instead of DNA. Detects when specific RNA sequences are expressed. |
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Term
| Polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
amplifying specific DNA sequences, Only need a small amount of double-stranded DNA to start
• Uses:
-DNA polymerase
-Two primers
-dNTPs
-Buffer
-PCR machine
Denaturization>Annealing>Extenstion |
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Term
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Definition
| a strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis. They are required for DNA replication because the enzymes that catalyze this process |
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Term
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP
analysis) |
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Definition
-You want to look for differences in DNA from 2 people -Isolate DNA
-Cut with a specific restriction enzyme
-Look for differences in fragments formed. |
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Term
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Definition
-Differ in DNA sequence, usually in a single base pair
or due to an insertion or deletion of bases. |
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Term
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Definition
find a specific Gene in the DNA, DNA Hybridization. DNA on gel and membrane. Use a DNA
probe to detect. |
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Term
Restriction enzyme (restriction
endonuclease) |
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Definition
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Term
| Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) |
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Definition
| have a longer repeating unit (10-60 nucleotides). |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins run on a gel and blotted. Probe is usually an antibody. Detects size of a specific protein or when the protein is expressed. |
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Term
| What does a restriction enzyme do? How do types I, II, and III differ? |
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Definition
Type I: recognize specific sequence, but cut DNA
at random sites distant from recognition site.
Used in recombinant technology
Type III: recognize specific site and cut DNA about 25 bp from site. |
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Term
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Definition
| having the centromere situated so that one chromosomal arm is much shorter than the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Any chromosome not considered as a sex chromosome, or is not involved in sex determination. It occurs in pairs in somatic cells and singly in sex cells (gametes). |
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Definition
| A centromere is a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids. |
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Term
Chromatids (sister and nonsister
chromatids) |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere. |
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Term
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Definition
Mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. Chromatin is located in the nucleus of a cell.
During prophase of mitosis, chromatin fibers become coiled into chromosomes with each chromosome having two chromatids joined at a centromere. |
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Definition
Edit page | Page history | Printable version
Dictionary » C » Codominance
Codominance
Definition
noun
A condition in which the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed thereby resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. |
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Definition
| A cross between parents that are both heterozygous for two traits. (Ex: AaBb x AaBb) |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. In a diploid state the haploid number is doubled, thus, this condition is also known as 2n. |
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Definition
| The filial generation comprised of offspring(s) resulting from a cross between strains of distinct genotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The filial generation comprised of offspring(s) resulting from mating or genetically crossing two members of first filial generation. |
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Definition
(1) The entire set of genes in an organism.
(2) A set of alleles that determines the expression of a particular characteristic or trait (phenotype). |
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Definition
(1) The number of chromosomes in a gamete of an organism, symbolized by n.
(2) A cell or an organism having half of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells. |
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Definition
(1) Of, or pertaining to an individual (or a condition in a cell or an organism) containing two different alleles for a particular trait.
(2) Having dissimilar alleles that code for the same gene or trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| During gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
A cross between parents that are both heterozygous at 1 locus (Aa x Aa), Phenotypic ratio 3 : 1, Genotypic ratio 1 : 2 : 1 OR A cross between parents that are homozygous
for different alleles at 1 locus (AA x aa). |
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Term
| Nonhomologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| chromosomes that are not members of the same pair. |
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Term
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Definition
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| Particulate Theory of Inheritance |
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Definition
| genes determine phenotypes are passed on from parents to offspring across generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| # of individuals with a given phenotype / Total # of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| (deviation between observed and expected outcomes due to chance) is higher with small sample sizes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having the centromere near the center but not in the middle, so that one arm is shorter than the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome's centromere is located at the terminal end of the chromosome |
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Term
| Why was Mendel able to succeed when others had failed? |
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Definition
-Studied populations instead of individuals.
-Used a quantitative approach (physics training).
-Patient (8 seasons).
-Formulated hypotheses based on initial observations and tested.
-Carefully chose the species used (garden pea). |
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Term
| What features of the pea plant made it an excellent organism for genetic studies? |
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Definition
-Easy to cultivate!
-Short generation time (1 season)!
-Many offspring
-Protected from foreign pollen!
-No reduction in fertility over generations.!
-Clearly distinguishable characters...2 varieties.!
-Used pure-breeding stock.! |
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Term
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Definition
| is the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the relation whereby a specific gene acts as a part of the entire gene complex in the production of a particular phenotypic character |
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Term
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Definition
| sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of autosomal sets. A diploid organism with two X chromosomes (i.e., 2X:2A) has an X:A ratio of 1:1, or 1. With one X chromosome (i.e., 1X:2A) this ratio is 1:2, or 0.50. , sex determination. |
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Term
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Definition
| the female is XX and is the homogametic sex. The male is the heterogametic sex but only has one sex chromosome...crickets, grasshoppers |
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Term
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Definition
| the female is the heterogametic sex. These females are designated ZW, while the males are ZZ. |
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Term
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Definition
-Simple sequence repeats (SSRs)
-Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
-Copy-number polymorphisms (CNPs)
Length of DNA differs because the number of repeating
sequences differs. |
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