Term
Cancer is a genetic disease:
______ or ______
• Cancer typically involves a change in gene _____:
– Qualitative change
– Quantitative change
• Any cancer causing genetic alteration
typically results in ______ |
|
Definition
-Inherited, sporadic.
-expression/function
-loss of cell growth
control. |
|
|
Term
In normal tissues, the rates of_______are kept in balance.
• In cancer, this balance is
disrupted. This disruption can
result from uncontrolled cell
growth or loss of a cell's ability to
undergo "_______."
• Apoptosis, or "cell suicide," is the
mechanism by which |
|
Definition
- new cell growth and old cell death
-apoptosis
-old or
damaged cells normally self-
destruct. |
|
|
Term
Cancer cells exhibit several characteristics that are
distinct from normal cells.
• Multiple changes are involved in the conversion of a
normal cell to a cancer cell:
– ______; grow in the absence of growth factors
– Lack of ______; lack of contact inhibition
– Resistance to cell death; ______
– Rapid growth; overtake population, invade other tissues.
– -Angiogenesis-
– ______ nature of cancer
– Accumulation of _______
• A germline mutation causes a _________ a
_____mutation causes a sporadic cancer. |
|
Definition
-Autocrine stimulation
-gap junctions
-persistent telomerase activity
-blood capilaries
-colonal
-successive mutations
-hereditary cancer;
-somatic |
|
|
Term
Cancer cells exhibit several characteristics that are
distinct from normal cells.
• Multiple changes are involved in the conversion of a
normal cell to a cancer cell:
– _______; grow in the absence of growth factors
– Lack of ______; lack of contact inhibition
– Resistance to cell death;_____
– Rapid growth; _______.
– _______
– Clonal nature of cancer
– Accumulation of ________ |
|
Definition
-Autocrine stimulation
-gap junctions
- persistent telomerase activity
-overtake population, invade other tissues
-Angiogenesis
-successive mutations |
|
|
Term
A germline mutation causes a _______; a
somatic mutation causes a _______ |
|
Definition
-hereditary cancer
-sporadic cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Well circumscribed, slow growing, non
invasive, non metastatic. |
|
|
Term
Malignant
Initial stages of cancer may typically show
benign growth; further accumulation of
mutations may make it malignant |
|
Definition
| Not well organized, irregularly shaped, fast growing, infiltrative growth, metastatic. |
|
|
Term
Benign tumors are tumors that cannot spread by _______; hence, they only
grow _____ |
|
Definition
-invasion or metastasis
-locally |
|
|
Term
Malignant tumors are tumors that are
capable of spreading by______
• By definition, the term "cancer"
applies only to _________. |
|
Definition
- invasion and metastasis.
-malignant tumors |
|
|
Term
Familial: inherited form. The family has a
predisposition through a ______
– Increases the probability that _______will occur.
– Sometimes the ______ may be
responsible for different cancers: e.g. same family may have individuals with breast, bone, lung, ovarian cancer
because of a __________ |
|
Definition
-germline mutation.
-further mutations
-initial germline mutation
-single inherited germline mutation |
|
|
Term
Sporadic cancers: _____arising in _____ cells of the body.
– Could result in any type of cancer, depending on ... |
|
Definition
-new mutations, somatic
-where the mutation occurs |
|
|
Term
| Inheritance of a mutation in a "______" gene in a _______. The offspring will have both a ________ of the "cancer protection" gene in all the cells of their body, and will be.... |
|
Definition
-cancer protection
-germ cell (egg or sperm)
-faulty copy and a correct copy
- predisposed to develop cancer. |
|
|
Term
Mutations that occur during life in the body cells (______) such as the cells of the breast are confined to the
breast tissue. These mutations will not .... |
|
Definition
-somatic mutations
-be passed on to the next
generation |
|
|
Term
There is usually a balance between cell growth and cell death.
• Different tissues proliferate at different rates.
– Slow: ____
– Fast: ______
– Age dependent proliferation: ____. |
|
Definition
-bone, nervous tissue
-RBCs, cells lining the intestine
-retinoblasts |
|
|
Term
The cell cycle represents one complete round of ______.
• Cell cycle progression is a tightly controlled process.
• A cancer is typically ... |
|
Definition
-cell division to form two daughter cells
...when this control is lost. |
|
|
Term
Transition through each phase of the cell cycle is modulated by a group of cell cycle ________:
–
–
– |
|
Definition
-regulatory proteins
-Cyclins
-Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs)
-CDK inhibitors (CDKI). |
|
|
Term
CCRP
Each is expressed at a different time in the______to switch between ______ |
|
Definition
- cell cycle,and complex with each other
-active and inactive states |
|
|
Term
| Other cell cycle regulatory proteins include... |
|
Definition
retinoblastoma protein, p53, various transcription
factors, apoptotic genes, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorylation inactivates CDK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dephosphorylation activates the CDK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If DNA synthesis, replication or chromosome segregation does not occur properly....
•
Checkpoints are in place at key points in the cell cycle to ensure proper ... |
|
Definition
- there could be serious damage to the daughter cells genetic material.
-DNA replication and chromosome organization. |
|
|
Term
Three different checkpoints are:
–
–
–
•
When gene mutations disrupt cell cycle checkpoints... |
|
Definition
-G1 to S
-G2 to M
-M progression
-the outcome may be cancer. |
|
|
Term
Loss of Cell Cycle Regulation at ____
-->Accumulation of____, errors in _____, introduction of mutations, chromosomal ______, aneuploidies
_____growth rate, escape from |
|
Definition
Checkpoints
-DNA damage, replication
-translocations
-Increased
-apoptosis |
|
|
Term
Cancer develops progressively as _____.
•
Experimental evidence in mice with either the ______: fewer tumors develop than when _____ are mutated.
• |
|
Definition
-mutations accumulate
-ras OR the myc protooncogenes mutated
-BOTH genes |
|
|
Term
Mice with only .... are not as cancer prone as when both alleles are mutated.
•
_______: a typical example of the multi-step pathway for cancer. |
|
Definition
-one allele of the tumor suppressor p53 mutated
-Hereditary adenomatous polyposis or Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) |
|
|
Term
| Changes build up in the different "cancer protection" genes in the cell over time due to _____. Some of these changes make the "cancer protection" genes faulty. Each step on the staircase to becoming a cancerous cell represents a change that has been made in a copy of one of the many "cancer protection" genes in the cell. |
|
Definition
| -ageing and other environmental factors |
|
|
Term
Two classes of genes are mutated frequently in cancer:
–
Tumor suppressor genes:____.
•
Normal function is to prevent_____.
– |
|
Definition
- loss of function mutations
- cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
Protooncogenes: _______.(quantitative change in expression of these genes common in cancer).
•
Normal function is to _______ |
|
Definition
-gain of function mutations
-promote cell proliferation. |
|
|
Term
Loss of ___ are responsible for cancer.
•
E.G.:
Can be either _______
• |
|
Definition
-function mutations
-Retinoblastoma: a form of eye cancer.
-sporadic or familial. |
|
|
Term
Rare malignant tumor in the retina of infants.
•
Diagnosis usually is followed by removal of _______.
•
40% heritable, rest sporadic. .
Familial...
Sporadic: _______
•
Autosomal dominant pattern of susceptibility to cancer; recessive mutation.
•
Two Hit Model of cancer development |
|
Definition
-affected eye, although smaller tumors may be treated early to preserve vision
-Familial usually earlier onset, bilateral
-later onset, unilateral.
-Penetrance is less than 100%. |
|
|
Term
| The Two-Hit Model for Cancer Caused by Mutations... |
|
Definition
| in Tumor Suppressor Genes |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of G1 to S Progression by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gain of Function mutations: increase cell proliferation by ______.
•
Usually affect signal transduction pathways:
–
Hormone______
–
Growth factors:
–
Kinase ______
–
________ regulation
•
Dominant mutations: ____
•
May be Qualitative or Quantitative changes in gene products |
|
Definition
-various mechanisms
- modulated growth
-inhibiting or activating
-activation and inactivation
-Transcription Factor
-one mutant allele is sufficient to affect function. |
|
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