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| The physical location of a gene |
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| alleles at a specific locus |
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| outward expression of an individual's genes |
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| Flow of genetic information in cells |
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| If a diploid species has a total of 72 chromosomes in each of its cells, how many chromosomes are in each haploid gamete? |
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| The union of two haploid gametes with 36 chromosomes will result in a zygote with? |
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| How many homologous pairs of chromosomes does a species with 72 chromosomes have? (assuming there are no sex chromosomes) |
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| in which phase of meiosis does equational division occur? |
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| For any given oair of alleles in a cell undergoing meiosis which of Mendel's Principles results from the reductional division? |
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| Which process yield new genetic combinations on chromosomes during Prophase I? |
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| Crossing over and ________ introduce genetic variation between parents and their offspring during sexual reproduction. |
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Which cross below best represents the F1 generation in a typical dihybrid cross?
A. AABB x aabb
B. AaBb x AaBb
C. AA x BB
D. AA x aa
E. Aa x Aa |
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What geneotype below is not expected in the F2 generation from the cross of AaBb x AaBb?
A. AaBb
B. Aabb
C. aa
D. aabb |
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| In a dihybrid cross what proportion of F2 offspring will resemble the recessive parental phenotype for both traits? |
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| Given an individual with genotype AaBB, gametes will be formed in what proportions? |
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| If homozygous individuals showing a dominant trait is used in a testcross involving one trait, waht are the proportions of progeny phenotypes? |
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| All show the dominant phenotype |
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| Given a cross involving two traits in Drosophilia (eye color and wing form) with the following phenotype ratios in F1: 3/4 red eyes, 1/4 white eyes, 1/2 vestigal wings and 1/2 wild wings. What proportion of the F1 will have white eyes and vestigal wings? |
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| The Xsquared value calculated when testing experimental results represents? |
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| The magnitude of the difference between observed and expected values |
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| The p (probability) value derived from a Xsquared table represents? |
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| the probability of obtaining your results by chance. |
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Which cross below suggests codominance(assume MN blood group is controlled by one locus)?
A. a type M parent and a type N parent produce all MN offspring.
B. a type M parent and a type N parent produce all N offspring.
C. a type M parent and a type N parent produce all M offspring.
D. a type M parent and a type N parent produce 1/2 M and 1/2 N offspring |
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Definition
| A. a type M parent and a type N parent produce all MN offspring |
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| What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a cross between two type MN parents? |
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| Assume you are able to test the individuals in the previous question for their specific MN antibodies. WHat do you expect to find in the heterozygous individuals if the LM allele and LN are codominant to each other? |
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| MN individuals will show approximately equal amounts of M and N antibodies. |
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| The tailless condition in Manx cats is caused by and allele M that is dominant to the wild type allele m that yeilds normal traits. In addition, M is lethal in homozygous genotypes. What would be the genotype of a Manx cat that is not tailless? |
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| The tailless condition in Manx cats is caused by and allele M that is dominant to the wild type allele m that yeilds normal traits. In addition, M is lethal in homozygous genotypes. What is the expected genotype ratio when tailless cats mate? |
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| When two shepard's purse plants with traingular seed capsules are crossed the follwoing phenotype ratio is exhibited in the next generation: 15/16 triangular: 1/16 ovoid. How many loci are controlling fruit shape in this example? |
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| When two shepard's purse plants with traingular seed capsules are crossed the follwoing phenotype ratio is exhibited in the next generation: 15/16 triangular: 1/16 ovoid. What are the genotypes of the parental generation? |
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| FLower color in one strain of pea is determined by alleles at two interacting loci. A and B each with one dominant and one recessive allele. In experiments, white parents yielded all purple offspring in the F1 generation. These were crossed to form the F2 with the phenotypic ratio 9/16 purple: 7/16 white. Which genotype would not accound for a purple phenotype? |
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| FLower color in one strain of pea is determined by alleles at two interacting loci. A and B each with one dominant and one recessive allele. In experiments, white parents yielded all purple offspring in the F1 generation. These were crossed to form the F2 with the phenotypic ratio 9/16 purple: 7/16 white.Dominant alleles at the two flower color loci are shwoing which type of interaction? |
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| A disorder suc has Marfan Syndrome in which homozygosity for mutant allele at one locus can result in many different phenotypic effects is an illustration of ? |
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| A husband and a wife have normal vision although both of their fathers are red-green color-blind, which is an x-linked recessive trait. What is the genotype of the husband? |
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| A husband and a wife have normal vision although both of their fathers are red-green color-blind, which is an x-linked recessive trait. What can be concluded about the genotype of the husband's mother? |
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Definition
| She is either a carrier for color blindness or she is homozygous wild type. |
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| A husband and a wife have normal vision although both of their fathers are red-green color-blind, which is an x-linked recessive trait. What is the probability that their first child will be a color blind son? (Hint: account for both the probability of a son and color blindness) |
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| Imagine a species of mammal in which whisker color is determined by two alleles ar one autosomal locus: G for green and g for brown whiskers. Further imagine that GG gives green whiskers in males only and that Gg and gg give brown whiskers in both sexes. This trait is? |
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| An inherited disorder that shows different levels of severity amoung affected individuals is showing differences in? |
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– percentage of individuals that show some degree of expression of mutant genotype
ex. Camptodactyly |
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– degree to which mutant genotype effects phenotype
ex. Drosophila eyeless
Down Syndrome |
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Trait occurs in both sexes but the level and form of expression differs among them
Example: pattern baldness in humans
BB - bald in male and female
Bb - bald in male only
bb –neither bald |
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| Sex-Influenced Inheritance |
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A trait is restricted to one sex regardless of genotype for the trait
Example: Feathers in domestic chickens
hh results in “cock-feathered” bird in males but not in females |
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Example: Hypophosphatemia - phosphate deficiency leading to rickets (bowleggedness)
Passed from father to all daughters and no sons
Passed from heterozygous mother to 1/2 daughters and 1/2 sons |
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| Mutation at one locus “counteracts” the affect of a mutant at a second locus |
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| Characteristics of flanking chromatin can change the way a gene is expressed |
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| Onset of Genetic Expression |
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Variation in age of first expression among different genes
Examples: Human heritable disorders
Tay-Sachs: 3 yrs |
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Tendency for some heritable disorders to exhibit increasing severity and earlier onset in subsequent generations
Myotonic dystrophy
Increasing numbers of a short (3 base pair) repeat from generation to generation |
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Definition
Parental imprinting
One of the two parental genes at a locus is suppressed early in development
The other allele (from the other parent) is expressed
Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes |
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Definition
Neither of two alleles for a trait are dominant
Results in intermediate phenotypes not present in parents
Relatively rare
Classic examples are flower color in snapdragons and four-o’clocks |
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Joint expression of two different alleles at a locus that results in two distinct gene products
Common in enzyme loci |
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in heterozygous individals the single wild type allele may compensate
such an allele is lethal only in homozygous genotypes
may be associated with a dominant mutant phenotype (example: coat color in mice) |
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One copy of lethal allele causes death
Heterozygous individuals affected
Example: Huntington Disease in humans |
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| “complex cascade of development” during ontogeny |
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Genes at one locus modify the expression of genes at another locus
mask expression of genes
change phenotype
Example: Bombay genotype |
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| Gene Interaction - Epistasis |
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Term
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Definition
| the alleles at the first locus. The homozygous prescence of a recessive allele may prevent or override the expression of other allele at second locus. |
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| alleles at the second locus |
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| the presence of atleast one dominant allele of each of teo gene pairs is essential in orders for flowers to be purple. |
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| The hh genotype masks the expression of IA and IB alleles resulting in type O blood even if genotype would normally yield types A, B, or AB |
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Expression of a single mutant allele has multiple phenotypic effects
Mutation has “ripple effect” |
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