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is the study of drugs(chemicals) that alter functions of living organisms. |
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also called pharmacothearapy, is use of drugs to cure,prevent,diagnose, or treat signs and symptoms and disease process. |
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drugs that are given for therapeutic purposes. |
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like sunscreen lotions and local anesthetics, act mainly at the site of application. |
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are taken into the body, circulated through the bloodstream to their sites of action in various body tissues and eventually eliminated from the body. |
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individual drugs that represent groups of drugs; often the finest drug of a particular group to be developed, are usually the standard with which newer, similar drugs are compared. |
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drugs are classified according to their effects on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses and their chemical characteristics |
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is related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the manufacturer. often indicates the drug group(ex drugs ending cillin are penicillin) |
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is designated and patented by the manufactor |
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are capitalized and generic names are presented in lowercase unless in a list or beginning of a sentence. |
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one or two routes of access to therapeutic drugs;order for medications is written by a licensed healthcare provider. (habit forming) |
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nonprescription or over-the-counter(OTC) |
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other route by purchasing drugs that do not require a prescription. These routes are regulated by various drug laws. |
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narcotics,stimulants,depressants, hallucinogens,, and anabolic steroids |
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drug movements through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, and excretions. |
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the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated. |
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transport of drugs molecules within the body; after a drug is injected or absorbed into bloodstream,it is carried by the blood and tissue fluids to its sites of action, metabolism, and excretion. |
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the rate at which cells burn energy. Method of bio-transform. done most in the liver. |
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elimination of a drug from the body; effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory system and of organs of excretion (kidneys,bowel,lungs,and skin.) |
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also called elimination half-life, is the time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50% |
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reactions between living systems and drugs; drug actions on target cells and the resulting alternations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions(between chemical and foreign chemical) |
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refers to the frequency, size, and number of doses, it is a major determinant of drug action and responses, both therapeutic and adverse. |
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affect drug actions and patient responses largely by influencing absorption and distribution. |
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a few drugs are used therapeutically to decrease food absorption in the intestinal tract |
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the action of a drug may be increased or decrease by its interaction with another drug in the body. |
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occur when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions are taken. (ex ethanol and sedative drug would increase sedative effects.) |
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occurs when two drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce greater effects when taken together. (ex. acetaminophen[nonopiod] and codeine[opiod] increases analgesic effects |
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by taking one drug with the metabolism of a second drug may result in intensified effects of the second drug. |
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(i.e. a drug with strong attraction to protein binding sites may displace a less tightly bound drug) of one drug from plasma protein-binding sites by a second drug increase the effects of a displaced drug. |
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can be given to antagonize the toxic effects of another drug Ex. naloxene is commonly used to relieve respiratory depression caused by morphine and related drugs. |
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involves the study of genetic variations-gene mutation that produce changes in structure and function of drug metabolizing enzymes. that resulting inter-individual differences in drug response. |
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adverse effects or side effects |
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refer to any undesired responses to a drug administration, as opposed to therapeutic effects, which are desired responses. |
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drugs that effects the liver in a negative way like causing hepatitis,liver dysfunction, or failure.) Ex. acetaminophen. |
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drugs that negatively effect kidneys. causes nephritis, renal insufficiency or failure.) Ex.anti-inflammatory agents |
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adverse effects on the structure of the ear, especially the cochlea and auditory nerve. |
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hypersensitivity or allergic reaction |
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may occur with almost any drug; it is unpredictable and unrelated to does; occurs in pts who have been previously exposed to the drug or a similar substance and who have developed antibodies. |
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drugs can cause fever by several mechanisms including allergic reactions damages body tissue, interfering with dissipation of body heat, or acting on the temp-regulating center in the brain. |
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refers to an unexpected reaction to a drug that occurs the first time it is given. these reactions are usually attributed to generic characteristics that alter the person is drug-metabolizing enzymes. |
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may occur with mind-altering drugs, such as opiod analgesics, sedative-hypnotic agents, anti-anxiety agents, and CNS, stimulants. |
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is ability of a substance to cause cancer |
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is the ability of a substance to cause a abnormal fetal development when taken by pregnant women. |
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occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that larger dose must be given to produce the same effects. |
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a person who regularly drink large amounts of alcohol becomes able to ingest even larger amounts before becoming intoxicated- this is tolerance to alcohol. |
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chemical substance that influence living systems |
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therapeutic classifications |
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grouping drugs according to their use in treating a disease or disorder |
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pharmacologic or chemical classification |
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grouping drugs to pharmacological family(chemical structure) |
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based on the exact chemical structure. |
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drug having the same biological affect to a substances in the body. |
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branch of pharmacology study drug is for treating , preventing, and diagnosing a diseases. (clinical pharmacology) |
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move from higher concentration to lower concentration.(doesnt require energy) |
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carrier substances to facilitate movement(proteins) |
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movers from lower to higher concentration (requires energy) |
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amount of drug given at one time |
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dose of a drug having damaging harmful effects of producing toxic (poisonous) |
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dose of a drug that causes death |
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drug that produce effects similar similar to those produce naturally in the body. (hormone) |
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study of medication in different ethnic groups |
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desired or good effect of the drug |
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poisonous effects that cause harm and damage to the body |
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severe life-threatening form of an allergic reaction |
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by product produced when a drug is metabolized or broken down. |
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physiological affect on cells |
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length of time a drug to begin to work |
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length of time it takes drug to max action |
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total time of drug action |
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blood level that ensures that the drug is performing at peak activity |
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highest therapeutic blood level |
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lowest therapeutic blood level |
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blood level that results in toxic signs and symptoms. |
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reccomended use or uses of a drug |
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conditions that make admissions of drug undesirable. |
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special conditions of the pt, environment, drug increase the risk for problems must be considered safe. |
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large doses given to rapidly reach therapeutic levels |
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small continuous doses that maintain therapeutic level |
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action of doses of drugs are not eliminated effectly and accumulation in the body. |
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cure or heal diseases(antibiotics) |
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comfort,decreasing pain, not for curing |
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diagnose a disease such as a TB skin test. |
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replace a deficiency in the body like B12, iron, hormone, insulin |
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not approved fro medical use, have high abuse potential. (heroin,meth) |
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used medically and have high abuse potential. (cocaine) |
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less potential for abuse. |
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some potential for abuse. xanax,valium |
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contain moderate amounts of controlled substances cough syrup. |
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remote risk to fetal harm |
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slightly more risk than A |
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proven risk of fetal harm |
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proven risk of fetal harm. |
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depends largely on adequacy of circulation, protein binding,only free or unbound portion of the body cells, |
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BBB-blood brain barrier protects the CNS and only let certain med in to treat the brain. |
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Drug distribution during pregnancy |
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most drugs cross the placenta and lactation |
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is where most drugs are excreted |
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excreted through the lungs |
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excretes through the skin |
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Steps drugs go through in the body |
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1.absorption 2.distribution(bloodstream) 3.metabolism/biotransformation(liver), 4. excretion(kidneys) |
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newborns and older infants |
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immature body systems(kidney and livers) |
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