Shared Flashcard Set

Details

General Terms
ABAC PHARM FINAL!
101
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
04/28/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
pharmacology
Definition
is the study of drugs(chemicals) that alter functions of living organisms.
Term
drug therapy
Definition
also called pharmacothearapy, is use of drugs to cure,prevent,diagnose, or treat signs and symptoms and disease process.
Term
Medication
Definition
drugs that are given for therapeutic purposes.
Term
local effects
Definition
like sunscreen lotions and local anesthetics, act mainly at the site of application.
Term
systemic effects
Definition
are taken into the body, circulated through the bloodstream to their sites of action in various body tissues and eventually eliminated from the body.
Term
prototypes
Definition
individual drugs that represent groups of drugs; often the finest drug of a particular group to be developed, are usually the standard with which newer, similar drugs are compared.
Term
drugs classifications
Definition
drugs are classified according to their effects on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses and their chemical characteristics
Term
generic name
Definition
is related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the manufacturer. often indicates the drug group(ex drugs ending cillin are penicillin)
Term
Trade or brand names
Definition
is designated and patented by the manufactor
Term
trade names
Definition
are capitalized and generic names are presented in lowercase unless in a list or beginning of a sentence.
Term
prescription drugs
Definition
one or two routes of access to therapeutic drugs;order for medications is written by a licensed healthcare provider. (habit forming)
Term
nonprescription or over-the-counter(OTC)
Definition
other route by purchasing drugs that do not require a prescription. These routes are regulated by various drug laws.
Term
controlled substance
Definition
narcotics,stimulants,depressants, hallucinogens,, and anabolic steroids
Term
pharmacokinetics
Definition
drug movements through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, and excretions.
Term
absorption
Definition
the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated.
Term
distribution
Definition
transport of drugs molecules within the body; after a drug is injected or absorbed into bloodstream,it is carried by the blood and tissue fluids to its sites of action, metabolism, and excretion.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
the rate at which cells burn energy. Method of bio-transform. done most in the liver.
Term
excretion
Definition
elimination of a drug from the body; effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory system and of organs of excretion
(kidneys,bowel,lungs,and skin.)
Term
serum half-life
Definition
also called elimination half-life, is the time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%
Term
pharmacodynamics
Definition
reactions between living systems and drugs; drug actions on target cells and the resulting alternations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions(between chemical and foreign chemical)
Term
dosage
Definition
refers to the frequency, size, and number of doses, it is a major determinant of drug action and responses, both therapeutic and adverse.
Term
route of administration
Definition
affect drug actions and patient responses largely by influencing absorption and distribution.
Term
Drug-Diet Interaction
Definition
a few drugs are used therapeutically to decrease food absorption in the intestinal tract
Term
drug-drug interaction
Definition
the action of a drug may be increased or decrease by its interaction with another drug in the body.
Term
addictive effects
Definition
occur when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions are taken. (ex ethanol and sedative drug would increase sedative effects.)
Term
synergism
Definition
occurs when two drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce greater effects when taken together.
(ex. acetaminophen[nonopiod] and codeine[opiod] increases analgesic effects
Term
inference
Definition
by taking one drug with the metabolism of a second drug may result in intensified effects of the second drug.
Term
displacement
Definition
(i.e. a drug with strong attraction to protein binding sites may displace a less tightly bound drug) of one drug from plasma protein-binding sites by a second drug increase the effects of a displaced drug.
Term
antagonist
Definition
can be given to antagonize the toxic effects of another drug
Ex. naloxene is commonly used to relieve respiratory depression caused by morphine and related drugs.
Term
pharmacogenetics
Definition
involves the study of genetic variations-gene mutation that produce changes in structure and function of drug metabolizing enzymes. that resulting inter-individual differences in drug response.
Term
adverse effects or side effects
Definition
refer to any undesired responses to a drug administration, as opposed to therapeutic effects, which are desired responses.
Term
Hepatotoxicity
Definition
drugs that effects the liver in a negative way like causing hepatitis,liver dysfunction, or failure.) Ex. acetaminophen.
Term
Nephrotoxicity
Definition
drugs that negatively effect kidneys. causes nephritis, renal insufficiency or failure.) Ex.anti-inflammatory agents
Term
ototoxcity
Definition
adverse effects on the structure of the ear, especially the cochlea and auditory nerve.
Term
hypersensitivity or allergic reaction
Definition
may occur with almost any drug; it is unpredictable and unrelated to does; occurs in pts who have been previously exposed to the drug or a similar substance and who have developed antibodies.
Term
drug fever
Definition
drugs can cause fever by several mechanisms including allergic reactions damages body tissue, interfering with dissipation of body heat, or acting on the temp-regulating center in the brain.
Term
idiosyncrasy
Definition
refers to an unexpected reaction to a drug that occurs the first time it is given. these reactions are usually attributed to generic characteristics that alter the person is drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Term
drug dependence
Definition
may occur with mind-altering drugs, such as opiod analgesics, sedative-hypnotic agents, anti-anxiety agents, and CNS, stimulants.
Term
carcinogenicity
Definition
is ability of a substance to cause cancer
Term
teratogenicity
Definition
is the ability of a substance to cause a abnormal fetal development when taken by pregnant women.
Term
drug tolerance
Definition
occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that larger dose must be given to produce the same effects.
Term
cross-tolerance
Definition
a person who regularly drink large amounts of alcohol becomes able to ingest even larger amounts before becoming intoxicated- this is tolerance to alcohol.
Term
drug
Definition
chemical substance that influence living systems
Term
therapeutic classifications
Definition
grouping drugs according to their use in treating a disease or disorder
Term
pharmacologic or chemical classification
Definition
grouping drugs to pharmacological family(chemical structure)
Term
chemical name
Definition
based on the exact chemical structure.
Term
bio-equivalent
Definition
drug having the same biological affect to a substances in the body.
Term
pharmacotherapeutics
Definition
branch of pharmacology study drug is for treating , preventing, and diagnosing a diseases. (clinical pharmacology)
Term
passive diffusion
Definition
move from higher concentration to lower concentration.(doesnt require energy)
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
carrier substances to facilitate movement(proteins)
Term
active transport
Definition
movers from lower to higher concentration (requires energy)
Term
dose
Definition
amount of drug given at one time
Term
toxic dose
Definition
dose of a drug having damaging harmful effects of producing toxic (poisonous)
Term
lethal dose
Definition
dose of a drug that causes death
Term
agonist
Definition
drug that produce effects similar similar to those produce naturally in the body. (hormone)
Term
pharmacoanthropology
Definition
study of medication in different ethnic groups
Term
therapeutic effects
Definition
desired or good effect of the drug
Term
toxic effect
Definition
poisonous effects that cause harm and damage to the body
Term
anaphylactic reaction
Definition
severe life-threatening form of an allergic reaction
Term
metabolite
Definition
by product produced when a drug is metabolized or broken down.
Term
drug-action
Definition
physiological affect on cells
Term
onset action
Definition
length of time a drug to begin to work
Term
peak of action
Definition
length of time it takes drug to max action
Term
duration of action
Definition
total time of drug action
Term
therapeutic blood level
Definition
blood level that ensures that the drug is performing at peak activity
Term
peak level
Definition
highest therapeutic blood level
Term
through blood level
Definition
lowest therapeutic blood level
Term
toxic blood level
Definition
blood level that results in toxic signs and symptoms.
Term
indication
Definition
reccomended use or uses of a drug
Term
contra-indications
Definition
conditions that make admissions of drug undesirable.
Term
precautions
Definition
special conditions of the pt, environment, drug increase the risk for problems must be considered safe.
Term
incompatibility
Definition
inability to be mixed
Term
loading dose
Definition
large doses given to rapidly reach therapeutic levels
Term
maintaining dose
Definition
small continuous doses that maintain therapeutic level
Term
cumulative effect
Definition
action of doses of drugs are not eliminated effectly and accumulation in the body.
Term
therapeutic uses
Definition
cure or heal diseases(antibiotics)
Term
palliative uses
Definition
comfort,decreasing pain, not for curing
Term
prophylactic uses
Definition
preventing disease.
Term
diagnostic uses
Definition
diagnose a disease such as a TB skin test.
Term
replacement uses
Definition
replace a deficiency in the body like B12, iron, hormone, insulin
Term
Schedule 1
Definition
not approved fro medical use, have high abuse potential.
(heroin,meth)
Term
schedule 2
Definition
used medically and have high abuse potential. (cocaine)
Term
schedule 3
Definition
less potential for abuse.
Term
schedule 4
Definition
some potential for abuse.
xanax,valium
Term
schedule 5
Definition
contain moderate amounts of controlled substances
cough syrup.
Term
Category A
Definition
remote risk to fetal harm
Term
Category B
Definition
slightly more risk than A
Term
Category C
Definition
greater risk than B
Term
Category D
Definition
proven risk of fetal harm
Term
Category X
Definition
proven risk of fetal harm.
Term
Distribution
Definition
depends largely on adequacy of circulation, protein binding,only free or unbound portion of the body cells,
Term
Drug distribution in CNS
Definition
BBB-blood brain barrier protects the CNS and only let certain med in to treat the brain.
Term
Drug distribution during pregnancy
Definition
most drugs cross the placenta and lactation
Term
Kidneys
Definition
is where most drugs are excreted
Term
Anti-acids
Definition
excreted through bile
Term
Antesia
Definition
excreted through the lungs
Term
Alcohol
Definition
excretes through the skin
Term
Steps drugs go through in the body
Definition
1.absorption 2.distribution(bloodstream) 3.metabolism/biotransformation(liver), 4. excretion(kidneys)
Term
newborns and older infants
Definition
immature body systems(kidney and livers)
Term
1-12 year olds
Definition
lower doses
Term
after age 12
Definition
adult doses
Supporting users have an ad free experience!