Founded by Sigmund Freud

Late 1800's - Early 1900's

Conflict between concious and unconcious thoughts

John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov

Rejects unconcious processes

Focuses on observable behavior

Ex: Pavlovs dog, Classic conditioning

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Free will, self-actualization

Optimistic: Human nature is inherently positive

Jean Piaget

Cogntion = Thinking

Focuses on how brain processes information

Backlash against strict behaviorism

EEG

CT

MRI

PET

-Informed consent

-Debriefing when deception is used

- Confidentiality

Limits: suicide, homicide, abuse

Shows cause and effect

Independent and dependent variable

Random assignments to groups

Double blind studies

Cannot show cause and effect

Real life, but not always accurate

Ex: smoking causes cancer

but more males smoke..so are men more likely to get cancer?

Correlation does not equal causation.

Positive, Negative, Zero Correlation

23 chromosome pairs in cell nucleus, each contain DNA

-single gene traits and polygenic traits

-cell body with nucleus

-dendrites recieve input from other neurons

-axon with myelin sheath and nodes

-terminal buttons

Electrical impulses within neurons

Chemical exchange between each neuron

-electrical impulse

-moves down axon

-myelin sheath speeds movement

-chemical messengers

- cross the synapse (space between terminal buttons on sending neuron and dendrites on recieving)

-local: between individual neurons

-serotonin, endorphins, dopamine, etc.

-hormones, network of glands

- secrete hormones that travel through body via bloodstream

-global: affects throughout body

- voluntary, under concious control

-sensory receptors in body lead to brain, perception of touch or pain

-functions that occur without concious control

- breathing, heart rate, pupil dilation

-two divisions act in opposing fashion: sympathetic and parasympathetic

"Fight or flight"

Stress or high activity

Pupils dilate, heart accelerates, lungs dilate, sweating increases, digestion decreases

Relaxation

Low stress/low acticity

pupils contract, heart slows, lungs contract, sweating decreases, digestion increases

Phineas Gage: severe damage to frontal lobe, made a full recovery but personality changed.

Patient HM: severe epilepsy, surgical removal of brain tissue - unable to form new declarative memories but could still form procedural memories

-Nonverbal abilities

-Emotion expression and comprehension

-face recognition

-music and art perception

-controls left of body, left visual field

-illuminates hemispheric differences

-corpus collosum severed - stopped seizures from spreading to the other hemisphere

-information presented to left visual field would only reach right hemisphere, and vise versa

-front of the brain

-coordinates messages from other 3 lobes

-responsible for higher reasoning

-Motor cortex and Brocas Area

Parietal Lobe

-Responsible for sensations of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, location of body parts

-Somatosensory Cortex

-Responsible for hearing, language, memory, some emotional control

-Wernickes Area

 left side only

damage to area results in difficulty understanding speech. patient can speak easily but often makes no sense and uses made up words

- Responsible for vision and visual perception

-Damage will impair vision even though the eyes are intact and healthy

Anything that places on a demand on a persons body. Can be external or internal.

Higher levels of stress = greater risk of illness

-Activated by stress

-Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Cortex

-Adrenal Cortex releases cortisol, increased blood sugar and metabolism = more energy

-reacts more slowly, affects last longer than SNS

Sympathetic Nervous System

 (as related to stress)

-activated by stress

-release of large amounts of nonepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)

-quickly overridden by parasympathetic nervous system

-correlational studies indicate stress related to ulcers

-ulcers are caused by bacterium H. Pylori, but stress is a key factor

-competitive, ambitious, impatient, hostile

-related to heart disease

-post traumatic stress disorder

-anxiety disorder following a life threating or other severe event

-flashbacks, nightmares, emotional numbing, trouble with sleep, fear, etc

I can deal with this vs. I have no control over my fate

-Positive beliefs and hope