Term
|
Definition
| is a subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes. It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. |
|
|
Term
| Organizational Psychology |
|
Definition
| is the scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations. Industrial and organizational psychologists contribute to an organization's success by improving the performance and well-being of its people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the field of study that concentrates on the selection and evaluation of employees. This area of psychology deals with job analysis. It defines and measures job performance, performance appraisal, employment tests, employment interviews, employee selection and employee training, and human factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a problem or completing a process, often used in math. The steps in an algorithm are very precise and well-defined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Now, whenever you come to a stop sign, you have to give very little thought at all to what behavior is required; you see the stop sign, you stop. You have a heuristic for stop signs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tendency to approach situations the same way because that way worked in the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental grouping of similar things, events, and people that is used to remember and understand what things are, what they mean, and what categories or groups they belong to. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prototypes are used to enhance memory and recall, since you can keep a prototype of something and then match new, similar things to the prototype in order to identify, categorize, or store this new thing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief Perseverance is this tendency to reject convincing proof and become even more tenaciously held when the belief has been publicly announced to others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Availability Heuristic refers to how easily something that you've seen or heard can be accessed in your memory. People tend to think of things they remember as more important than things they don't remember as easily. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Representative Heuristic is a cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario. It can be useful when trying to make a quick decision but it can also be limiting because it leads to close-mindedness such as in stereotypes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is a tendency for a person to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When something is thought of only in terms of its functionality, then the person is demonstrating functional fixedness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These two questions are addressing the same basic issue, but they are framed differently -- they are presented in different ways and under different pretenses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More specifically, it is the study of meanings through the relationships of words, how they are used, and how they are said. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a process starting early in human life, when a person begins to acquire language by learning it as it is spoken and by mimicry. Children's language development moves from simple to complex. Infants start without language. Yet by four months of age, babies can read lips and discriminate speech sounds. The language that infants speak is called babbling. |
|
|
Term
| Wolfgang Kohler’s experiments with Sultan |
|
Definition
| The chimps first tried to knock them down by using a stick. Then, the chimps learned to stack boxes on top of one another to climb up to the bananas (URL 3). Kohler described three properties of insight learning. First, insight-learning is based on the animal perceiving the solution to the problem. Second, insight-leaning is not dependent on rewards. Third, once a problem has been solved, it is easier to solve a similar problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The g factor tended to include one's ability to 1) acquire and retain information from experience, 2) infer relationships between two things, and 3) infer principles to new domains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a term coined by Joy Paul Guilford as the opposite of divergent thinking. It generally means the ability to give the "correct" answer to standard questions that do not require significant creativity, for instance in most tasks in school and on standardized multiple-choice tests for intelligence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divergent thinking typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner, such that many ideas are generated in an emergent cognitive fashion. Many possible solutions are explored in a short amount of time, and unexpected connections are drawn. After the process of divergent thinking has been completed, ideas and information are organized and structured using convergent thinking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Treffert, something that almost all savants have in common is a prodigious memory of a special type, a memory that he describes as "very deep, but exceedingly narrow". It is wide in the sense that they can recall but have a hard time putting it to use (for more on this see section on savants in Advanced Memory).[1] Also, many savants are found to have superior artistic or musical ability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups. Various models and definitions have been proposed of which the ability and trait EI models are the most widely accepted in the scientific literature. Criticisms have centered on whether the construct is a real intelligence and whether it has incremental validity over IQ and the Big Five personality dimensions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a French psychologist who was the inventor of the first usable intelligence test, known at that time as the Binet test and today referred to as the IQ test. His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his intelligence scale in 1908 and 1911, the last appearing just before his death. |
|
|
Term
| IQ (including mental age and chronological age) |
|
Definition
| is a score derived from one of several different standardized tests designed to assess intelligence. The term "IQ" comes from the German Intelligenz-Quotient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A test is valid when it measures what it’s supposed to. How valid a test is depends on its purpose—for example, a ruler may be a valid measuring device for length, but isn’t very valid for measuring volume. If a test is reliable, it yields consistent results. A test can be both reliable and valid, one or the other, or neither. Reliability is a prerequisite for measurement validity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side. Normal curves are also called bell shaped curves. A "true" normal curve is when all measures of central tendency occur at the highest point in the curve. |
|
|
Term
| Bias in intelligence testing |
|
Definition
| It is extremely difficult to develop a test that measures innate intelligence without introducing cultural bias. This has been virtually impossible to achieve. One attempt was to eliminate language and design tests with demonstrations and pictures. Another approach is to realize that culture-free tests are not possible and to design culture-fair tests instead. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to this theory, some physiological need (need for water) occurs that creates a state of tension (you feel thirsty) which in turn motivates you to reduce the tension or satisfy the need (drink water). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow use the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anorexia nervosa (often referred to as just anorexia) is a very serious, pathological loss of appetite and self induced limiting of food intake. Anorexia nervosa can lead to severe psychological, emotional, and physical problems, including death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What this means is that a person who suffers from Bulimia Nervosa will have episodes during which they eat tremendous amounts of food (usually foods that are high in calories) and then go vomit or use laxatives to lose weight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| banishment: the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent); |
|
|
Term
| Feel good – do good phenomenon |
|
Definition
| According to this theory, you are more likely to help other people when you are already in a good mood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the mental state of operation in which a person in an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and success in the process of the activity. Proposed by Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the positive psychology concept has been widely referenced across a variety of fields. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| So, some external stimulus produces a physiological response in your body. Then, you examine this physiological response and identify the emotion you are experiencing based on the physiological response. For example, you see a bear in the woods, and you begin to tremble. You then identify the fact that you are trembling and conclude that you are afraid..."I am trembling, therefore I am afraid." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this theory of emotion states that an emotion is produced when some stimulus triggers the thalamus to send information simultaneously to the brain (specifically, the cerebral cortex) and the autonomic system (including the skeletal muscles). Thus, the stimulus is perceived at both a physiological and the subjective level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to Schachter, both of these elements must be present for you to experience an emotion. Some form of arousal occurs (e.g., increased heart rate, perspiration, etc.), you then put some label on this arousal, and then experience the emotion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Further, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that aggressive or sexual urges are relieved by "releasing" aggressive or sexual energy, usually through action or fantasy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status conscious, can be sensitive, care for other people, are truthful, impatient, always try to help others, take on more than they can handle, want other people to get to the point proactive and obsessed with time management. People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics" who multi-task, push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence. Under Psychodynamic theory (derived from Freudian Psychology), Type A personality is related to Anal retentiveness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People with Type B personalities are generally apathetic, patient, relaxed, easy-going, no sense of time schedule, having poor organization skills, and at times lacking an overriding sense of urgency. These individuals tend to be sensitive of other people's feelings |
|
|
