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| inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been selected for because they directly contribute in some way to reproductive success; they continue to perform that function though the problem that required the adaptation no longer exists. |
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| facilities for treating the mentally ill that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century. |
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| the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior. |
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| a school of psychology that proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. |
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| the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals, and how they influence behavior and thought. |
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| the field that deals with the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health. |
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| the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. |
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| a theory of psychology discipline that focuses on the scientific study of human thought. |
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| the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span. |
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| the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching. |
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| the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience. |
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| the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species. |
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| the branch of psychology that aims to understand the functions of the human mind by looking at and understanding what adaptive problems it may have solved earlier in its ancestral past. |
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| the study that combines psychology and the legal and criminal justice systems. |
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| a school of psychology that argued that it was better to look at why the mind worked the way it did than to describe its parts. |
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| a theory of psychology that proposes that we perceive things as wholes rather than a compilation of parts. |
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| scientists who examine the role that psychological factors play in regard to physical health and illness. |
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| a theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential. |
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| industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology |
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| the application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings and problems. |
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| the main method of investigation for structuralists; it involves looking into one’s own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience. |
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| approach to treatment of the mentally ill that began in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries; its goal was to offer dignity and care in a relaxing environment. |
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| a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on whether it has an impact on reproduction. |
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| the position that the environment—be it the womb or the home or the entire world—constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do. |
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| the study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people’s behavior across time and situations. |
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| a theory of psychology that shares with humanism a belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning, but does so from a scientific rather than theoretical perspective. |
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| a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior. |
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| the scientific study of thought and behavior. |
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| the first scientific form of psychology; laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations. |
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| medicine men or women who treat the possessed by coaxing and driving out the demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers. |
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| the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. |
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| the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise. |
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| 19th-century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior. |
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