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| The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics and contrasted with others. |
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| Freud's view that personality is based on the interplay of unconscious mental processes. |
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| Three Major components of personality: |
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1) the Id
2) The Ego
3) The Super ego |
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| the unconscious portion of personality containing basic impulses and urges. |
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| Two Kinds of instincts that reside in the Id: |
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1) Eros-life instincts
2)Thanatos-death instincts. responsible for aggression and destructiveness |
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| The psychic energy contained in the id, part of Eros |
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| The Id's operating principle, which guides people toward what ever feels good |
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| 2nd part of personality that mediates conflicts b/t and among the demands of hte id, the superego, and the real world. |
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| the operating principle of hte ego that creates compromises b/t the id's demands and those of the real world. |
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| the component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do |
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| psychological response that help protect a person from anxiety and guilt |
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| periods of personality development in which conflicts focus on particular issues |
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| the first psychosexual stage, in which the mouth is the center of pleasure and conflict |
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| The second psychosexual stage, usually occuring during the second year of life, in which the focus of pleasure and conflich shifts from the mouth to the anus |
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| The third psychosexual stage, in which the focus of pleasure and conflict shifts to the genital area |
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A pattern described by Freud in which a boy has sexual desire for his mother and wants to eliminate his father's competition for her attention.
-son fears father so imitates him.
begins superego development |
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a pattern described by Freud in which a young girl first develops attachment for mom, then gets "Penis Evy" and tranfers love to Father.
fearing Mom disapproval girl identifies with and imitates mother.
Forms basis of superego |
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| The fourth psychosexual stage, in which sexual impulses lie dormant. |
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The last psychosexual stage, which begins during adolescence, when sexual impulses appear at the conscious level.
Last untill death. |
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| tendency to reflect on ones own experiences |
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| tendency to focus on the social world |
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| cobination of introversion and extraversion tendencies creat personalities. |
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contains the memories we have inherited from our human and nonhuman ancestors.
-believed by Carl Jung |
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innate desire to overcome infantile feelings of helplessness.
believed by Alfred adler |
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| how people's perceptions of themselves and others influence their view of, and reactions to, the world. |
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| A prespective in which personality is seen as a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations. |
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| Five trait dimensions found in many factor-analytic studies of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. |
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| Social-Cognitive aprroach |
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| an approach in which personality is seen as the patterns of thinking and behavior that a person learns |
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| analyzing behavior by studying what responses occur under what conditions of operant reward and punishment |
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| According to Bandura, learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations. |
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| a view in which personality develops through an actualizing tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person's unique perceptions of the world |
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| according to Rogers, an innate inclination toward growth that motivates all people |
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| The way one thinks of oneself |
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| According to Rogers, The feelings an individual experiences when the person, instead of the person's behavior, is evaluated. |
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| A preoccupation with perceived needs for things a person does not have |
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Drawing satisfaction from what is available in life, rather than focusing on what is missing.
-leads to "Peak Experiences" feeling joy for just being alive. |
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| Objective Personality Tests |
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| Personality tests containing direct, unambiguous items relating to the individual being assessed. |
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| Projective personality tests |
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| personality tests made up of unstructured stimuli that can be perceived and responded to in many ways. |
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| Pattersn of thinking, feeling, and behaving that ar maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for the person affected or for those w/ whom he or she comes in contact. |
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| Difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected family, social, and work-related roles. |
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| a view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. |
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| a modern name for the medical model, in which psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes |
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| A view in which mental disorder is seen as arising from psychological processes. |
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| A way of looking at mental disorders in relation to gender, age, ethnicity, and other social and cultural factors. |
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| Diathesis-stress Approach |
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| Viewing psychological disorders as arising when a predisposition for a disorder combines w/ sufficient amounts of stress to trigger symptoms |
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| a condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive |
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| a strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify such a reaction |
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| Phobias that involve fear and avoidance of heights, animals, and other specific stimuli and situations. |
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| A strong fear of being away from the security of home |
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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| A condition that involves anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation |
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| An anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks. |
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| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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| An anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals |
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| Psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder w/out a physical cause |
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| A somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure w/out a physical cause. |
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| A strong, unjustified fear of physical illness. |
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| A somatoform disorder in which there are numerous physical complaints w/out verifiable physical illness. |
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| A somatoform disorder marked by complaints of severe pain w/ no physical cause. |
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| Rare conditions that involve disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity |
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| A sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale |
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| a disorder marked by a sudden loss of memory. |
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| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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| A dissociative disorder in which a person reports having more than one identity |
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| a condition in which a person experiences extreme moods, such as depression or mania |
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| Major Depressive disorder |
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| a condition in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months |
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| False beliefs, such as those experienced by people suffering from extreme depression. |
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| A pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years. |
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| A very active, usually elated, emotional state. |
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| A condition in which a person alternates b/t deep depression and mania |
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| A form of bipolar disorder characterized by comparatively mild mood swings |
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| A severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior |
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| a symptom of disorder in which people perceive voices or other stimuli when there are no stimuli present |
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| Schizophrenia has two types of symptoms: |
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| Schizophrenic symptoms such as disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions. |
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| Schizophrenic symptoms such as absence of pleasure, lack of speech, and flat affect |
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| Long standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems |
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| Antisocial personality disorder |
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| a disorder involving impulsive, selfish, unscrupulous, even criminal behavior |
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| Substance-related disorders |
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| problems that involve the use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm the user or others |
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| the development of a physical need for a psychoactive drug |
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| A pattern of drinking that may lead to addiction and almost always causes severe social, physical, and other problems. |
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