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| A statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends. |
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| A study investigating the effects of a naturally occurring event on the research participants. |
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| The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting. |
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| A finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, one increasing in size as the other decreases. |
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| The study of the nervous system, especially the brain. |
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| A precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured. |
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| Any change attributed to a person's beliefs and expectations rather than an actual drug, treatment, or procedure; also called expectancy effect. |
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| A fake substance, treatment, or procedure that has no known direct effects. |
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| A finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction, increasing or decreasing in size together. |
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| The study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and the social institutions that foster positive individuals and communities. |
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| positron emission tomography (PET scan) |
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| An invasive imaging technique that provides color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brain's use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug. |
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| Any change in performance that results from mere repetition of a task. |
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| Fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence. |
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| Medical specialty area focused on the diagnosis, treatment, causes, and prevention of mental and behavioral disorders. |
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| (in personality theory) Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development. |
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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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| The process of assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups in the study. |
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| Process in which subjects are selected randomly from a larger group such that every group member has an equal chance of being included in the study. |
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| To repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings. |
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| A selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics. |
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| A selected segment (or subset) of the population used to represent the group that is being studied. |
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| A set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions. |
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| statistically significant |
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| A mathematical indication that research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance. |
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| A branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data. |
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| Early school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components, or structures, of conscious experiences. |
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| A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group. |
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| A tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations. |
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| A factor that can vary, or change, in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified. |
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| Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) |
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| American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; established one of the first U.S. psychology research laboratories; first woman president of the American Psychological Association. |
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| Charles Darwin (1809-1882) |
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| English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of Species in 1859. |
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| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) |
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| Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis. |
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| G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) |
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| American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States; founded the American Psychological Association. |
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| William James (1842-1910) |
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| American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United States and established the psychological school called functionalism. |
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| Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) |
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| American humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation. |
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| Russian physiologist whose pioneering research on learning contributed to the development of behaviorism; discovered the basic learning process that is now called classical conditioning, discussed in Chapter 5. |
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| American psychologist who founded the school of humanistic psychology. |
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| B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) |
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| American psychologist and leading proponent of behaviorism; developed a model of learning called operant conditioning, discussed in Chapter 5; emphasized studying the relationship between environmental factors and observable behavior. |
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| Francis C. Sumner (1895-1954) |
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| American psychologist who was the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology in the United States; chaired Howard University psychology department. |
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| Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) |
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| British-born American psychologist who founded structuralism, the first school of psychology. |
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| Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) |
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| American psychologist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the United States; published research on mental processes in animals. |
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| John B. Watson (1878-1958) |
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| American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes. |
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| Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) |
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| German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879. |
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