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| A long term study of an individual |
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| How a subject reacts behaviorally in response to independent variable |
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| A variable that influences the outcome of a study, but isn’t an intended variable |
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| The block with no manipulation |
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| Describes the magnitude to which two variables are correlated (closer to 1 or -1 implies a stronger correlation) |
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| A study that sets out to find if two variables are correlated. |
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| An ethical standard requiring that you explain to subjects the specifics of the study, and specifically any misleading that occurred during the course of the study |
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| The variable that either changes or stays the same based on what was manipulated in the study |
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| A study that has a problem, and something to study but no hypothesis or manipulation of the setting. |
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| Mathematical measurements used to describe data, such as mean, median, mode, correlation coefficient, or standard deviation. |
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| A study in which neither the researcher or the subject are aware of specifics of the study (such as which block the subject is a part of) |
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| Effect Size (regarding meta-analysis) |
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| Describes the extent to which the data in a meta-analysis is similar, or the cumulative effect the studies have had. |
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| A code of standards which must be followed in each and every study to protect the mental, physical and emotional well being of the subjects. |
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| A true experiment is a study that incorporates both random assignment and the use of independent and dependent variables. Sets out to find causation. |
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| The block which has been altered, changed or otherwise manipulated. |
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| Experimentor Expectancy Effects |
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| Rosenthal’s dissertation. Describes the effect that the experimentor has on the subjects simply by knowing which block they are in, and therefore has a bias as to how they will do on the test. Has the potential to greatly alter results of a study, and is the driving reason for double-blind studies. |
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| What the experimentor predicts will happen. |
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| What is changed, or manipulated in the study. |
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| Institutional Review Boards (IRB’s) |
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| Determine what is ethical and not ethical in a study BEFORE it occurs. |
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| Mathematical average of the data |
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| Mathematical center of the data |
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| An analysis of all the research done on a particular subject. |
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| The number which appears the most often in a set of data |
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| Using multiple measurements to analyze complex issues, such as emotional response. |
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| Observing only. Absolutely no interaction with the subjects. Such as Jane Goodall’s original studies. |
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| Physiological measurements |
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| Gathering data based on physical responses from the subjects, such as heart rate, breathing rate, etc. |
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| A block given “fake” treatment in order to rule out psychological effects. |
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| Whom the study pertains to, and is describing. |
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Lacks –Cumulative Progress
- Disregards real world observations
- Lacks internal skepticism
- Only vaguely explains conclusions reached
- Uses loose and/or distorted logic |
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| Quasi-Experimental Design |
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| An experimental design that makes use of naturally occuring groups, rather than random assignment for ethical purposes. |
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| Essential to an experiment. Ensures that blocks are of a similar construction, and therefore that the results were not established before testing occurred. |
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| Doing the experiment/study again and finding the same/very similar results |
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| Plans of action for how to conduct a scientific study. |
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| The portion of the population that has been in the study. |
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| The procedures that a study must follow, and the components a study must have in order to be considered scientifically valuable and credible. |
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| Related to the Experimentor Expetancy Effect, in that by knowing the purpose, intent and the design specifics of a study, the experimenter unwittingly and inherently changes the results. |
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| Cheap and efficient, but can be influenced by social desirability. |
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| Only the subject is unaware of the block design of the study. |
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| Social Desiarability Bias |
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| The effect that will cause a subject to be dishonest about results/behavior/answers due to current social standards (Kinsey’s Sex Survey). |
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| A statistical measurementof how much the scores vary around the mean. |
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| How a study is analyzed mathematically |
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| A set of related assumptions from which predictions can be made |
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| Something that varies that is being studied |
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| The nuerotransmitter largely responsible for motor functions, though also involved in other functions |
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| The point at which the charge inside an axon is at +40mV, and the charge is being conducted across the axon. |
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| Study children who have been adopted to determine if they are behaviorally more similar to their biological or adoptive parents to determine nature vs. nurture |
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| Located on the kidney, responsible for the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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| The two forms of a gene inherited, one from each parent. |
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| A neuron either fires or it does not, it never only halfway conducts an electrical charge |
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| The small, almond shaped structure in the brain connected to many other regions that is responsible for emotional processing (largely fear) |
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| The deficit of the ability to speak, or understand communications |
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| The growth and formation of new dendrites |
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| Autonomic Nervous Systems (ANS) |
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| The nerves that control involuntary functions |
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| The projection which action potential travels down |
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| The structure in the brain responsible for voluntary motor control (gangles) |
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| Studying how genetics influence behavior |
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| The area in the left frontal lobe of the brain responsible for speech |
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| Chemicals released from the adrenal glands that function as hormones and nuerotransmitters to control ANS activation |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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| The structure in the hind brain responsible for body movement, motor skills, balance, and cognitive activites such as learning and language |
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| The thin outer area around the cerebrum responsible for human thought, planning perception and consciousness |
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| The two large, folded areas of the brain |
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| The storage unit of genetic information within the cell nucleus |
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| Belt like structure in the brain that is important to attention and cognitive control |
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| The idea that the right brain controls the left side of the body and vis versa |
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| The connection between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum |
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| A hormone released by the adrenal glands responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily sytems during prolonged stress |
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| The projections off of the soma of the nerve cell which form connections to other nerves |
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| A large molecule that contains genes |
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| BB (would code for brown eyes) |
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| The “reward” neurotrsnsmitter involved in feeding, orgasm, doing well on a test and other “feel-good” behaviors. Excitatory. Also involved in muscle control. |
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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| a method for recording the brain's electrical activity in which electrodes are placed on the person's head |
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| System of glands the secrete and regulate hormones in the body |
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| The process that occurs after the firing of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to get rid of excess chemicals by use of enzymes |
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| Study of how certain chemicals/behaviors in the environment can turn on or shut off specific genes without changing the genes themselves. |
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| “Adrenaline” that doesn’t affect mental processes |
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| Event-Related Potential (ERP) |
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| A special technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes |
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| Twins from two eggs and two sperm (no more similar than normal siblings) |
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| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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| brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of activity in the brain and other soft tissues |
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| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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Definition
| Inhibitory neurotransmitter. The “brakes” of the central nervous system. Questioned whether or not eplilepsy is caused by a lack of GABA. Alchohol and other depressants cause an increase in GABA levels. |
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| Code for different functions in the cell and body |
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| Structural support, more effective communication and scavenging for debris along nerve pathways |
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| The major excitatory neurotransmiter. Increases the likelihood that the post synaptic neuron will fire |
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| The response of the postsynaptic neuron that does NOT follow the all-or-none principal, in that it will fire differently due to different chemical signals that it recieves. |
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| Whether a trait is inheritable or not |
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| The structure in the limbic system that plays a vital role in learning and memory. |
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| Chemicals secreted by gland that travel through the blood stream to tissues and organs |
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| The structure in the limbic system that is the mahjor regulator of all drives (sex, hunger, temperature) also controls the pituatary gland. |
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| Twins from one sperm and one egg that split very early in development (genetically identical) |
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| The small area in the cerebrum that plays an important role in monitoring bodily perceptions, emotional states and addictive behavior |
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| The nuerons that connect the CNS neurons to the PNS nuerons |
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| Positively and negatively charged ions |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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| Imaging technique that uses high powered magnets to produce images of the brain (and other soft tissues) structure |
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| The structure in the hind brain responsible for involuntary actions, such as breathing and heartbeat |
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| Neurons that are active while we are watching an action being performed, as well as when we are performing the same action |
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| A phenotype that is affected by only one gene |
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| Covers the axon, insulates the axon and provides more effective communication, stronger connections to other neurons, and transmission of electrical impulses. Develops from birth to young adulthood. Freidreich’s Ataxia (improper mitochondrial function, no production of fritaxin, increase of iron, thinning of myelin sheath) |
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| The generation of nerve cells |
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| Nerve cells, the building blocks of the nervous system |
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| The ability for the brain and nueral pathways to change/grow |
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| Chemicals that fire from the terminal buttons of the dendrites across the synapse to the soma of the next cell. |
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| “Adrenaline” that DOES cause emotional and mental arousal. ADHD patients often have low levels of norepinephrine |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| Help relax the body after the fight or flight reaction |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| Nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cord |
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| The master endocrine gland that releases hormones into the body |
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| Behaviors/traits that are affected by more than one gene |
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| The “Bridge” structure that connects the hind brain to regions of the mid- and forebrain |
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| imaging technique that measures blood flow to active areas of the brain |
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| Phenotype is only seen when both part has the recessive gene (blue eyes are recessive, parents must be Bb, Bb or bb, Bb or bb,bb) |
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| Inborn/automatic reactions to stimuli. Controlled by the medulla oblongata |
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| The period of time after a nerve fires when it cannot fire again |
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| The electrical charge that a nerve has at rest (-70mV) |
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| Bundle of nerves that runs through the mid and hind brain that is responsible for alertness and consciousness |
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| The process after the firing of a nueron in which the presynaptic neurons gathers the unused nuerotransmitters. Too much reuptake can cause malfunctions, such as depression. |
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| Nerves that process sensory organs (ears, eyes, nose, mouth, skin) |
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| The chief nuerotransmitter involved in excitatory states. Ecstasy causes an increase in serotonin, while depression is caused by low levels of serotonin. Schizophrenia is caused by too high levels of serotonin. |
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| Links the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
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| Sympathetic Nervous system |
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| The nerves responsible for the fight or flight response |
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| The gap between nerves (between nerves and muscles is the neuromuscular junction) |
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| The vesicles in the terminal buttons that holds neurotransmitters |
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| The generation of new synapses, basis of learning |
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| At the end of the dendrites, sacs of neurotransmitters |
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| The structure in the brain that is responsible for tactile, visual and auditory sensory information |
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| Studying fraternal and identical twins to determine whether similarities are based on genetics or not. |
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| Studying twins that were seperated to see if behavior is influenced by environment or genetics |
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| The area of the brain that is responsible for comprehension of speech, and formation of meaningful sentences. |
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| Iron rod shot through head, damaging frontal lobes. Lived, never lost consciousness. Had marked personality changes (was amiable, clever bussinesman before, and stubborn, impulsive, and argumentative afterward) |
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