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Definition
| the process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain |
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| the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information |
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| the minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time |
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| a measure of the smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus that is required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50% of the time |
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| just noticeable difference |
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Definition
| the smallest change in sensation that a person is able to detect 50% of the time |
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Definition
| the just noticeable difference for all the senses depends on a proportion or percentage of change in a stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change |
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Definition
| highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimulus light, sound, odor |
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Definition
| highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimulus light, sound, odor |
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| the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulations into neural impulses |
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| the process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time |
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| the narrow band of electromagnetic waves that are visible to the human eye |
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| a measure of the distance from the peak of a light wave to the peak of the next |
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| the tough, transparent, protective layer that covers the front of the eye and bends light rays inward through the pupil |
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Definition
| the transparent disk shaped structure behind the iris and the pupil that changes shape as it focuses on objects at varying distances |
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Definition
| in vision, the flattening and bulging action of the lens as it focuses images of objects on the retina. in learning, the process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information |
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Definition
| the layer of tissue that is located on the inner surface of the eyeball and contains the sensory receptors for vision |
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Definition
| the layer of tissue that is located on the inner surface of the eyeball and contains the sensory receptors for vision |
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Definition
| the light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that look like slender cylinders and allow the eye to respond to as few as five photons of light |
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| the light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that enable humans to see color and fine detail in adequate light but do not function in dim light |
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Definition
| a small area at the center of the retina that provides the clearest and sharpest vision because it has the largest concentration of cones |
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Definition
| the point in each retina where there are no rods or cones because the cable of ganglion cells is extending through the retinal wall |
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Definition
| the nerve that carries visual information from each retina to both sides of the brain |
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| the area at the rear of the occipital lobes where vision registers in the cerebral cortex. the part of the brain in which visual information is processed |
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| neurons in the brain that respond only to specific visual patterns |
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| the nerve that carries visual information from each retina to both sides of the brain |
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| the dimension of light that refers to the specific color perceived |
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| the purity of a color, or the degree to which the light waves producing it are of the same wavelength |
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| the intensity of light energy perceived as a color, based on amplitude of light wave |
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| the theory of color vision suggesting that three types of cones in the retina each make a maximal chemical response to one of three colors: green red blue |
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Definition
| the theory of color vision suggesting that three kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing their rate of firing when different colors are present |
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| a visual sensation that remains after a stimulus is withdrawn |
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| the inability to distinguish colors from one another |
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| the number of cycles completed by a sound wave in one second, determining the pitch of the sounds; expressed in the unit called hertz |
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| the measure of the loudness of a sounds; expresed in the unit called a decible |
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| used to measure the loudness of sounds |
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| the distinctive quality of a sounds that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and loudness |
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| the sensation and process of hearing |
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Definition
| the visible part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the auditory canal |
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Definition
| the portion of the ear that contains the ossicles, which connect the eardrum to the oval window and amplify sound waves |
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Definition
| the innermost portion of the ear, contains the cochlea, vestibuar sacs, and the semicircular canals |
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Definition
| the fluid-filled, snail-shaped, bony chamber in the inner ear that contains the basilar membrane and its hair cells |
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Definition
| sensory receptors for hearing that are attached to the basilar membrane in the cochlea |
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Definition
| the theory of hearing that holds that each individual pitch a person hears is determined by the particular location along the basilar membrane of the cochlea that vibrates the most |
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| the theory of hearing that holds that hair cell receptors vibrate the same number of times per second as the sound that reaches them |
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| the sense providing information about position and movement of body parts |
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| the sense that provides information about the body's orientation in space |
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| three fluid-filled tubular canals in the inner ear that sense the rotation of the head |
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| two matchstick-sized structures above the nasal cavities, where small sensations first register in the brain |
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| two 1-square-inch patches of tissue, one at the top of each nasal cavity, which together contain about 10 million olfactory neurons, the receptors for smell |
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| structures in many of the tongue's papillae that are composed of 60 to 100 receptor cells for taste |
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| pertaining to the sense of touch |
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Definition
| the body's own natural painkillers, which block pain and produce a feeling of well-being. chemicals produced naturally by the brain that reduce pain and the stress of vigorous exercise and positively affect mood |
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Definition
| the process of sorting through sensations and selecting some of the for further processing |
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Definition
| the henomenon in which we shift out focus from on object to another and, in the process, fail to notice changes in objects to which we are not directly paying attention |
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| a process whereby the brain integrates information from more than one sense |
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Definition
| information processing in which individual components or bits of data are combines until a complete perception is formed |
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Definition
| information processing in which previous experience and conceptual knowledge are applied to recognize the whole of a perception and thus easily identify the simpler elements of that whole |
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| an expectation of what will be perceived, which can affect what actually is perceived |
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| a german word that roughly refers to the whole form, pattern, or configuration that a person perceives |
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Definition
| the phenomenon that allows us to perceive objects as maintaining stable properties, such as size, shape, and brightness, despite differences in distance, viewing angle, and lighting |
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Definition
| the ability to perceive the visual world in three dimensions and to judge distances accurately |
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| depth cues that depend on both eyes working together |
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| depth cues that can be perceived by one eye alone |
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| altered states of consciousness |
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Definition
| changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, and drugs |
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Definition
| everything of which we are aware at any given time--- our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and external enviornment |
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Definition
| within each 24 hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors |
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| a pair of tiny structures in the brain's hypothalamus that control the timing of circadian rhythms; the biological clock |
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Definition
| the time during a 24 hour period when the biological clock is telling the person to go to sleep |
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Term
| restorative theory of sleep |
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Definition
| the theory that sleep functions to restore the body and the mind |
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| circadian theory of sleep |
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Definition
| the theory that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way during the night; also known as the evolutionary adaptive theory |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of sleep lasting about 90 minutes and including one or more stages of NREM sleep, followed by REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| non-rapid eye movement sleep, which consists of four sleep stages characterized by slow, regular respirtation and heart rate, little body movement, and absence of rapid eye movements, and blood pressure and brain activity that are at their 24-hour low |
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Definition
| a type of dream occuring during NREM sleep that is typically less frequent and memorable than REM dreams are |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep stage 2 brain waves that feature short periods of calm interrupted by brief flashes of intense activity |
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Definition
| deep sleep; associated with stage 3 and stage 4 sleep |
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Definition
| the deepest stage of NREM sleep, characterized by an EEG pattern of more than 50% delta waves |
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Definition
| a type of dream occurring almost continuously during each REM period and having a storylike quality; typically more vivid, visual, and emotional than NREM dreams |
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Definition
| the increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation; often associated with unpleasant dreams and nightmares |
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Definition
| a type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements' paralysis of large muscles, fast and irregular heart and respiration rates, increased brain-wave activity, and vivid dreams |
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Definition
| sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person is sleeping |
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Definition
| disorders in timing or quality of sleep |
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| an incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by periods during sleep when breathing stops and the individual must awaken briefly to breathe |
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, y waking too early or by sleep that it light, restless, or of poor quality |
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Definition
| a dream that an individual is aware of dreaming and whose content the individual is often able to influence while the dream is in progress |
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Definition
| Freud's term for the content of a dream recalled by the dreamer |
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Definition
| Freud's term for the underlying meaning of a dream |
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| cognitive theory of dreaming |
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Definition
| dreaming is thinking while asleep |
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| activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming |
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Definition
| the hypothesis that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep |
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| evolutionary theory of dreaming |
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Definition
| vivid, emotionally charged REM dreams serve a protective function |
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Definition
| a procedure through which one person, the hypnotist, uses the power of suggestion to induce changes in thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, or behavior in another person, the subject |
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Definition
| a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, word, one's breathing, or one's body movements in an effort to block out all distractions, to enhance well-being, and to achieve an altered state of consciousness |
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Term
| neodissociation theory of hypnosis |
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Definition
| a theory proposing that hypnosis induces a split, or dissociation, between two aspects of the control of consciousness: the planning function and the monitoring function |
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| sociocognitive theory of hynosis |
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Definition
| a theory suggesting that the behavior of a hypnotized person is a function of that person's expectations about how subjects behave under hypnosis |
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| theory of dissociated control |
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Definition
| the theory that hypnosis weakens the control that the executive function exerts over other subsystems of consciousness |
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Definition
| any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought; called a controlled substance if approved for medical use |
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Definition
| continued use of a substance that affects an individual's work, education, and social relationships |
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Definition
| a compulsive pattern of drug use in which the user develops a drug tolerance coupled with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug use is discontinued |
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Definition
| a condition in which the user becomes progressively less affected by the drug and must take increasingly larger doses to maintain the same effect or high |
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Definition
| the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a regularly used drug is discontinued and that terminate when the drug is taken again |
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| psychological drug-dependence |
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Definition
| a craving or irresistible urge for a drug's pleasurable effects |
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| a category of drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and can cause a person to feel more awake, alert, energetic; also called uppers |
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| a class of depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy that produce both pain-relieving and calming effect |
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| a category of drugs that can alter and distort perceptions of time and space, alter mood, produce feelings of unreality, and cause hallucinations; also called psychedelics |
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Definition
| a category of drugs that decrease activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation; also called downers |
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