Term
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Definition
| characteristics of an individual |
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Term
| Genes aka Mendelian factor |
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Definition
| the physical and functional unit that helps dertmine the traits passed on from parents to offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| The complete genetic makeup (allele composition) of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The observable characteristics of an organism that are produced by the genotype and its interaction with the environment. |
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Term
| Generally, how are genetic crosses done with eukaryotes? (Mendel did this with the peas also.) |
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Definition
| 2 diploid individuals are allowed to produce haploid gametes by meiosis. Fusion of male and female gametes produces zygotes from which the diploid progeny individuals are generated. The phenotypes of teh parents and offspring are analyzed to provide clues to the heredity of those phenotypes. |
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Term
| Why was the garden pea a good choice for Mendel's experiments? (3 reasons) |
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Definition
1)Easy to grow
2)bears flowers and fruit in the same year its seed is planted.
3)It produces a large number of seeds |
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Term
| Selfing (aka self-fertilization) |
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Definition
| The union of male and female gametes from the same individual. |
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Term
| Cross (aka Cross-fertilization) |
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Definition
| The fusion of male gametes from one individual and female gametes from another. |
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Term
| True-breeding strains (aka pure-breeding strains) |
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Definition
| A strain in which mating of individuals yields progeny with the same genotype as the parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| parental generation; the immediate parents of F1 offspring. |
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Term
| First filial generation (aka F1 |
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Definition
| The offspring that result from the first experimental crossing of two parental strains of animals or plants. |
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Term
| Second filial generation (aka F2 generation) |
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Definition
| The offspring that result from crossing F1 individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same pair of alleles. (e.g., Aa x Aa) |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of cosses in which the genotypes of the males and females for a particular trait is reversed. (Inheritance of the trait does not depend on the sex) |
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Term
| Principle of uniformity in F1 |
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Definition
| The finding that all offspring of true-breeding parents are alike. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term Mendel used for the entities that carry hereditary information and are transmitted from parents to progeny through the gametes. These factors are now called genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two or more alternative forms of a single gene that can exist at the same locus in the genome. All the alleles of a gene determine the same hereditary trait (ex. seed color), but each has a unique nucleotied sequence, which may result in different phenotypes (ex. yellow or green) |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two or more alternative forms of a single gene that can exist at the same locus in the genome. All the alleles of a gene determine the same hereditary trait (ex. seed color), but each has a unique nucleotied sequence, which may result in different phenotypes (ex. yellow or green) |
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Term
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Definition
| Describing an allele or phenotype that is expressed in either the homozygous or the heterozygous state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describing an allele or phenotype that is expressed only in the homozygous state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describing a diploid organism having the same alleles at one or more genetic loci and therefore producing gametes of identical genotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describing a diploid organism having different alleles of one or more genes and therefore producing gametes of different genotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A matrix that describes all the possible genotypes of progeny resulting from a genetic cross. |
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Term
| Principle of segregation (aka gene segregation) |
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Definition
| Mendel's first law stating that two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate (separate) from each other during the formation of gametes. As a result, 1/2 the gametes carry one allele and the other 1/2 carry the other allele. |
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Term
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Definition
| The position of a gene on a genetic map; the specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located. More broadly, any chromosomal location that exhibits variation detectable by genetic or molecular analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mating between 2 individuals, leading to the fusion of gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mature reporductive cell that is specialized for sexual fusion. Each gamete is haploid and fuses with a cell of similar orgin, but of opposite sex, to produce a diploid zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell or an individual with set of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell produced by the fusion of male and female gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross of an individual of unknown genotype, usually expressing the dominant phenotype, with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. |
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Term
| Wild-type allele (wild-type) |
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Definition
| Term describing an allele or phenotype that is desinated as the standard ("normal") for an organism and is usually, but not always, the most prevalent in a "wild" population of the organism. |
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Term
| Loss-of-function mutations |
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Definition
| A mutation that leads to the absence or decreased biological activity of a particular protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that results in a protein with no function. |
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Term
| Mendel's second law (aka principle of independent assortment) |
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Definition
| Stating that the factors (genes)for different traits assort independently of one another. In other words, genes on different chromosomes behave independently in the production of gametes. |
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Term
| 1)What is the name of mendel's first law? 2) what is the name of his second law? |
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Definition
1)Principle of segregation
2)principle of independent assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross between two individuals of the same genotype that are heterozygous for 2 pairs of alleles at two different loci. (e.g., Ss Yy x Ss Yy) |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross between individuals of the same genotype that are heterozygous for three pairs of alleles at three different loci. (e.g., Ss Yy Cc x Ss Yy Cc) |
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Term
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Definition
| literally "alternative form,"meaning one of an array of different forms of a gene) and other researchers shortened it to allele. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothesis that states there is no real difference between the observed data and the predicted data. |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical procedure that determines what constitutes a significant difference between observed results and results expected on the basis of a particular hypothesis; a goodness-of-fit test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the inheritance of human traits by compilation of phenotypic records of a family over several generations. |
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Term
| Proband (propositus if male, prosita if female) |
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Definition
| In human genetics, an affected person with whom the study of a trait in a family begins. |
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Term
| Gain-of-function mutations |
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Definition
| A mutation that confers a new property on a protein, causing a new phenotype. |
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