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| length unit of measurement |
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| volume unit of measurement |
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| temperature unit of measurement |
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| A substance that has the same composition and properties wherever it is found. |
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| A science that studies the composition of substances and the way they interact with other substances. |
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| A procedure that tests the validity of a hypothesis. |
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| An unverified explanation of a natural phenomenon. |
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| Information determined by noting and recording a natural phenomenon. |
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| The process of making observations, proposing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and developing a theory that explains a natural event. |
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| An explanation of an observation that has been validated by experiments that support a hypothesis. |
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| Celsius (°C) temperature scale |
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Definition
| A temperature scale on which water has a freezing point of 0°C and a boiling point of 100°C. |
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Definition
| A unit of length in the metric system; there are 2.54 cm in 1 in. |
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| A ratio in which the numerator and denominator are quantities from an equality or given relationship 1 kg = 2.20 lb are written as the following: 2.20 lb / 1 kg and 1 kg / 2.20 lb. |
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| cubic centimeter (cm3 or cc) |
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Definition
| The volume of a cube that has 1-cm sides; equal to 1 mL. |
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Definition
| The relationship of the mass of an object to its volume expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm ), grams per milliliter (g/mL), or grams per liter (g/L). |
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Definition
| A relationship between two units that measure the same quantity. |
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Definition
| A number obtained by counting or by definition. |
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Definition
| The metric unit used in measurements of mass. |
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| Kelvin (K) temperature scale |
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Definition
| A temperature scale on which the lowest possible temperature is 0 K. |
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Definition
| A metric mass of 1000 g and equal to 2.20 lb. The kilogram is the SI standard unit of mass. |
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Definition
| The metric unit for volume that is slightly larger than a quart. |
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Definition
| A measure of the quantity of material in an object. |
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Definition
| A number obtained when a quantity is determined by using a measuring device. |
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| The metric unit for length that is slightly longer than a yard. The meter is the SI standard unit of length. |
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| A system of measurement used by scientists and in most countries of the world. |
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Definition
| A metric unit of volume equal to one-thousandth of a L (0.001 L). |
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Definition
| The part of the name of a metric unit that precedes the base unit and specifies the size of the measurement. All prefixes are related on a decimal scale. |
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Definition
| A form of writing large and small numbers using a coefficient from 1 to 9, followed b a power of 10. |
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Definition
| The standard unit of time in the SI and metric system. |
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Definition
| The international system of units that modifies the metric system. |
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Definition
| The numbers recorded in a measurement. |
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Definition
| A relationship between the density of a substance and the density of water: sp gr = density of sample/density of water |
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Definition
| An indicator of the hotness or coldness of an object. |
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Definition
| The amount of space occupied by a substance. |
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Definition
| The formation of bubbles of gas throughout a liquid. |
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Definition
| The temperature at which a liquid changes to gas (boils) and gas changes to liquid (condenses). |
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Definition
| The amount of heat energy that raises the temperature of exactly 1 g of water exactly 1 °C; 1 cal - 4.184 J |
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Definition
| A nutritional unit of energy equal to 1000 cal, or 1 kcal. |
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Definition
| The transformation of one state of matter to another; for example, from solid to liquid, liquid to solid, and liquid to gas. |
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Definition
| A change during which the original substance is converted into a new substance with a different composition and new chemical and physical properties. |
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| The properties that indicate the ability of a substance to change to a new substance. |
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| A pure substance consisting of two or more elements, with a definite composition, that can be broken down into simpler substance only by chemical methods. |
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| The change of state of a gas to liquid. |
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Definition
| A diagram that illustrates temperature changes and changes of state for a substance as heat is removed. |
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Definition
| The reverse process of sublimation, with gas particles changing directly into a solid. |
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Definition
| A pure substance containing only one type of matter, which cannot be broken down by chemical methods. |
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Definition
| The kilocalories obtained per gram of the three food types: carbohydrate, fat, and protein. |
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Definition
| The formation of a gas (vapor) by the escape of high-energy molecules from the surface of a liquid. |
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Definition
| A change of state from liquid to solid. |
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Definition
| The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid (freezes) and a solid changes to a liquid (melts). |
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Definition
| A state of matter characterized by no definite shape or volume. Particles in a gas move rapidly. |
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Definition
| The energy associated with the motion of particles in a substance. |
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Definition
| The energy required to melt exactly 1 g of a substance at is melting point. For water, 80. cal (334 J) are needed to melt 1 g of ice; 80. cal (334 J) are released when 1 g of water freezes. |
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Definition
| The energy required to vaporize exactly 1 g of a substance at its boiling point. For water 540 calories (2260 J) are needed to vaporize exactly 1 g of liquid; 1 g of steam gives off 540 cal (2260 J) when it condenses. |
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Definition
| A diagram that shows the temperature changes and changes of state of a substance as it is heated. |
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Definition
| The SI unit of heat energy; 4.184 J = 1 cal. |
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Definition
| An amount of heat energy equal to 1000 calories. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A state of matter that takes the shape of its container but has a definite volume. |
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| A change of state that involves the conversion of a solid to a liquid. |
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Definition
| The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid (melts). It is the same temperature as the freezing point. |
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Definition
| The physical combination of two or more substances that does not change the identities of the substances. |
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Definition
| The change in which the physical appearance of a substance changes, but the chemical composition stays the same. |
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Definition
| The properties that can be observed or measured without affecting the identity of a substance. |
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Definition
| An inactive type of energy that is stored for future use. |
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Definition
| Matter composed of elements or compounds that has a definite composition. |
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Definition
| A state of matter that has its own shape and volume. |
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Definition
| A quantity of heat that changes the temperature of exactly 1 g of a substance by exactly 1 °C. |
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| The change of state in which a solid is transformed directly to a gas without forming a liquid first. |
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| An activity that requires energy. |
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| An element in Group 1A (1), except hydrogen, that is a soft, shiny metal with one electron in its outermost energy level. |
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Definition
| An element in Group 2A (2) that has two electrons in its outermost energy level. |
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Definition
| The smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element. |
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Definition
| The weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. |
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| A small mass unit used to describe the mass of extremely small particles such as atoms and subatomic particles; 1 amu is equal to one-twelfth the mass of 12/6C atom. |
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| A number that is equal to the number of protons in an atom. |
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| A series of lines specific for each element produced by photons emitted by electrons dropping to lower energy levels. |
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| An abbreviation used to indicate the mass number and atomic number of an isotope. |
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| An abbreviation that represents the name of an element. |
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| The block of ten elements from Groups 3B (3) to 2B (12) in which electrons fill the five d orbitals in d sublevels. |
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Definition
| A negatively charged subatomic particle having a minute mass that is usually ignored in mass calculations; its symbol is e-. |
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Definition
| A list of the number of electrons in each sublevel within an atom, arranged by increasing energy. |
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Definition
| The representation of an atom that shows valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element. |
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Definition
| The block of 14 elements in the rows at the bottom of the periodic table in which electrons fill the seven f orbitals in the 4f and 5f sublevels. |
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Definition
| A vertical column in the periodic table that contains elements having similar physical and chemical properties. |
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Definition
| An element in Group 7A (17)---fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine---that has seven electrons in its outermost energy level. |
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Definition
| The energy needed to remove the least tightly bound electron from the outermost energy level of an atom. |
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Definition
| An atom that differs only in mass number from another atom of the same element. Isotopes have the same atomic number (number of protons) but different numbers of neutrons. |
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Definition
| The total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Definition
| an element that is shiny, malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity. The metals are located to the left of the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table. |
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Definition
| Elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals located along the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table. |
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Definition
| A neutral subatomic particle having a mass of about 1 amu and found in the nucleus of an atom; its symbol is n or n°. |
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Definition
| An element in Group 8A (18) of the periodic table, generally unreactive and seldom found in combination with other elements, that has eight electrons (He has two electrons) in its outermost energy level. |
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Definition
| An element with little or no luster that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. The nonmetals are located to the right of the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table. |
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Definition
| The compact, extremely dense conter of an atom, containing the protons and neutrons of the atom. |
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Definition
| The region around the nucleus where electrons of a certain energy are more likely to be found. The s orbitals are spherical; the p orbitals have two lobes. |
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Definition
| A diagram that shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of the energy levels. |
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Definition
| The elements in Groups 3A (13) to 8A (18) in which electrons fill the p orbitals in the p sublevels. |
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Definition
| A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. |
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Definition
| An arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number such that elements having similar chemical behavior are grouped in vertical columns. |
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Definition
| A positively charged subatomic particle having a mass of about 1 amu and found in the nucleus of an atom; its symbol is p or p^+. |
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Definition
| An element in the first two columns on the left of the periodic table and the last six columns on the right that has a group number of 1A through 8A or 1, 2 and 13 through 18. |
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Definition
| The elements in Groups 1A (1) and 2A (2) in which electrons fill the s orbitals. |
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Definition
| A particle within an atom; protons, neutrons, and electrons are subatomic particles. |
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Definition
| A group of orbitals of equal energy within principal energy levels. The number of sublevels in each energy level is the same as the principal quantum number (n). |
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Definition
| An element in the center of the periodic table that is designated with the letter "B" or the group number of 3 through 12. |
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Definition
| Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. |
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Definition
| milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) |
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Definition
| micrograms per kilogram (ug/kg) |
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