- Recall the sp³ hybridized carbon

- sp³ carbon is tetrahedral

- Carbon always makes four bonds

- Alkanes are chains of C-C single bonds - all sp³; saturated

- Low number of carbons (1-4) tend to be gases

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  CH₃CHCH₃

|

       CH₃CHCH₂CH₃

  H

  |

--CH₂--C--CH₃

  |

     CH₃

   CH₃

|

     --C--CH₃

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   CH₃

Rules for Naming Compounds

1) Name the longest chain (root)

-Find the longest continuous chain of  C atoms.

- Select the root that corresponds to the number of C atoms in this chain.

2) Name the compound type

- For alkanes, add the suffix -ane to the chain root.

- If the chain forms a ring, add the prefix cyclo-.

3) Name the branches

- Each branch consists of a subroot ending in -yl.

- Branch names precede the chain name.

- Branches are lsited with the chain number before their name.

O

||

  --C--H

O

||

--C--

O

||

    --C--OH

O

||

    --C--O--

CH₃OH

[methyl alcohol]

CH₃CH₂OH

[ethyl alcohol]

CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

[n-propyl alcohol]

  CH₃CHCH₃

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  OH

- An addition reaction occurs when an unsaturated reactant becomes a saturated product:

                                 X   Y

                                 |    |

R-CH=CH-R  +  X-Y  ->  R-CH-CH-R

- Elimination reactions are the opposite of addition; they occur when a more saturated reactant becomes a less saturated product:

X     Y

|     |

                                 R-CH-CH-R  ->  R-CH=CH-R+X-Y

 - A substitution reaction occurs when an atom (or group) from an added reagent substitutes for one in the organic reactant:

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         R-C-X  +  :Y  ->  R-C-Y  +  :X

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