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| Occur in all oceans, all depths, most are predacious(feed on sessile or slow moving animals), some are filter feeders, no parasitic form, some are commensal, are parasitized by many groups. Not usually preyed upon (spiny) They eat molluscs, crustaceans and miscellaneous invertabrates. Is the chief predator in some eco systems...One starfish can eat up to 12 oyters in a day! |
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| Important to embryological development, gametes abundant, easy to handle, follow stages easily, dueterosomes like us, we know more about urchin embryology more than any other species |
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| Sea Stars/starfishes, live on substrates ( rocks, mud, )They have a central disk, pigemented epidermis, ambulacral area:groove in middle of area. Aboral surface, spiny and rough...covered in pedicellariae (tiny jaws...Aboral surface ..Endoskeleton is derived from the mesoderm, calcareous plates-ossicles...muscular body walls...They have a coelom that are fluid filled with amoebocytes (for ingestion...) and a perioneal lining that is ciliated (circulates body fluid) |
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| Water vascular system of Asteroidea |
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Definition
| Compartment of coelom, unique to echinoderms, hydraulic mechanism-....opens through madreporite, leads to stone canal which leads to ring canal, radial canals run from ring to ends of each arm, lateral canals lead from radial to tube feet |
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| in the middle of the starfish |
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| ...they are hollow muscular tubes, the ampulla(contracts and forces water into tube foot) is the muscular inner end, inside coelom, the outer end usually bears a sucker |
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| Allows stomach to come out through the mouth and digest the food. The water vascular system makes this process possible. They have a mouth, esophagus, stomach in central disk. The food is broken down further by pyloric ceca in each arm ...mostly extra cellular some intracellular in ceca. Intestine leads to pyloric stomach to anus. |
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| Carnivorous, some show preferences, some swallow prey whole...imapcts lam and oyster industry..attaches to shell of bivalve, uses tube feet in relays to pull on shell...in 30 minutes or so adductor muscles of bivalve fatigue and shell opens slightly |
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| Inserts stomach between mollusc valves, stomach wraps around soft parts of prey and begins disgestion, when finished stomach brought back into body VIA muscle contraction |
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| Not well developed, function is unclear, has little/nothing to do with circulation of body fluids |
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| Asteroidea (nervous system) |
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3 Units...epidermal nerve plexus (nerve net) connects 3 systems to the body wall and related structures
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| Most dioecious, pair of gonads at base of each arm, can regenerate, can shed arms if necessary, will take several months to grow new arm, some species can regenerate arm with portion of central disk |
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| In most species eggs are free in water, free swimming larvae, larvae bilateral, metamorphosis involves change from bilateral to radial |
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| Larvae attaches to substrate, left side becomes oral surface, right side.. |
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| Brittle stars, most abundant echinoderms, slender arms sharply set off from central disc, No pedicelliariae or papulae...tube feet without suckers, used in feeding, limited in locomotion....madre porite is on oral surface..no ampullae |
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| Ophiuroidea structure, movement |
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| locomotion by arm movement...arms moved forward pairs, moves in "jerky" fashion, organs confine to central disk, arms too slender to hold organs, sac like stomach stomach, no intestine, indigetible material cast out of the mouth |
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| WHo are the secretive cschinoderms that live on hard bottoms and are exposed to little or no light penetration, nocturnal or negative phototropic and are partial feeders |
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| Reporduction and regeneration in Ophiuroidea.. |
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| regeneration is more pronounced in brittle stars than in sea stars...:brittle will shed arms easily..form of asexual reproduction |
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| Sea urchines which have a compact body, have an oral surface that expands around to aboral side, abulacral areas extend up to area around anus ( periproct) (regular shape)..what class? |
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| Class Euchinoidea have...? |
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| An irregular shape, sand dollars, flat move via short spines...evolving back to bilateral symmetry |
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| Strongylocentotus drobachiensis in North American waters |
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| Echinoidea...or sea urchins |
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tes..compact endoskeleton, rows of plates bear stiff movable sines, sutured firmly...
-five ambularc rows |
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Plates bear small tubercles, they articulate in tubercles as "ball and Socket joint"..they have pedicelliariae...three jawed, mounted on stalks..periproct region- aboral
-anus
-genital pores
-madreporite
oral region-mouth, five converging teeth...the sea otter is the keystone species that regulates this class |
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Hemal system similar to other echinoderms
Dioecious, external fertilization, larvae tanktonic, live as plankton |
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sea cucumbers
elongated in ora/aboral axis
ossibcles reduced
soft bodied
bottom-dwellers, under rocks or burrowers |
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Body wall is leathery, small ossicle embedded in wall, tend to lie on one side, some have locomotor, tube feet in five ambulacral areas....mostly tube feet only on substrate facing..locomotor tube feet in three ambulacra
-"sole"
-Dorsal tube feet
-No suckers
Modified for sensory funktion
Oral tentacles |
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| DIGESTIVE system emties in the cloaca...a common excretory and genital organ |
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| This class has a single gonad...primitive..external fertilization..and free swimming larvae as will all echinoderm** |
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| Sea lilies..sessile for most of lives, feather stars-freeliving but slow moving..deep and shallow water..body disk is called calyx..leathery skin with calcareuous plates...5 arms branch to form many arms...calyx and arms form the crown..upper surface bears mouth..short espohagus, long intestine leads to anus..foo habits small organisms that use ambularcral groovs to pull in food...what class is this???? |
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| Resources and pressure....they cancel each other out..to a point resources should outweigh pressure...when a species finds a new niche and starts to grow over time its gonna reach the limit of these resources, eventuall the population reaches a level where no more food can sustain it..predators have an easier time , population decreases influenced by a rate of factors |
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| rate of growth, carrying capcity..gestation period, reproductive lifespan, littler size, survival of young, health-environment, male or femal |
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| The population at which the environment can sustain a a healthy rate is measured in terms of K...an invasive species is a member of a habitat where it was not meant to grow..for example...the european hair exploded in austailia..they are r selective species |
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| they were let loose and they established and made huge nests that disturbed the habitats of various other things...they eat clams, stir up the mud..tehy destroy everything they come near |
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| Rais ratis, raits norventricus, gypsy caterpillar, phragmites(in the fens), people brought it over for cultivation, out competes native cattails, purple loosestrife, |
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