• Rotator Cuff - "SITS"
• Other

Rotator cuff

(Shoulder Girdle)

1. Supraspinatus
2. Infraspinatus
3. Teres Minor
4. Subscapularis

SITS

Supraspinatus

(Shoulder Girdle)

• Blood supply - Suprascapular A.
• Innervation - Suprascapular N.
• Action - ABduction
• Origin/insertion - Supraspinous fossa of scapula / greater tubercle of humerus

• Blood supply - Suprascapular A. 
• Innervation - Suprascapular N.
• Action - External (lateral) rotation
• Origin/insertion - Infraspinous fossa of scapula / greater tubercle of humerus

• Blood supply - Scapular circumflex A.
• Innervation - Axillary N.
• Action - External (lateral) rotation
• Origin/insertion - Lateral border of dorsal scapula / greater tubercle of humerus

• Blood supply - Lateral thoracic & Subscapular A.
• Innervation - Subscapular N.
• Action - Internal (medial) rotation
• Origin/insertion - Medial side of ventral scapula / lesser tuberosity of humerus

1. Latissimus dorsi
2. Trapezius
3. Rhomboid
4. Serratus Anterior
5. Deltoid
6. Teres major
7. Pectoralis minor

Latissimus Dorsi

(Shoulder Girdle)

• Blood Supply - Descending scapular A.
• Innervation - Thoracodorsal N.
• Action - Extension & Internal Rotation of arm
• Origin/insertion - Thoracolumbar fascia, SP's of Lower thoracic & lumbar vertebrae / Floor of bicipital groove

• Anterior

1. Biceps Brachii
2. Brachialis
3. Brachioradialis
4. Coracobrachialis
5. Pronator teres

• Posterior
1. Triceps
2. Anconeus

Biceps Brachii

(Anterior Arm)

Pronator Teres

(Anterior Arm)

Triceps

(Posterior Arm)

Anconeus 

(posterior arm)

• Blood Supply - Brachial A.
• Innervation - Radial N.
• Action - Extends elbow
• Origin/insertion - Lateral epicondyle (humerus) / olecranon of ulna

• Anterior
1. Biceps brachii
2. Flexor radialis
3. Flexor carpi ulnaris (2)
4. Flexor digitorum profundus
5. Pronator teres
6. Flexor pollicis longus
7. Palmaris longus
• Posterior
1. Extensor carpi radialis longus
2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
3. Extensor carpi ulnaris

Biceps brachii

(Anterior Forearm)

• Blood Supply - Ulnar A.
• Innervation - Median N.
• Action - Wrist flexor
• Origin/insertion - Medial epicondyle of humerus / Palmar aponeurosis

Extensor carpi Radialis longus

(posterior forearm)

• Innervation - Radial N.
• Action - Extends & ABducts wrist 
• Origin/insertion - Lateral supracondylar ridge / 2nd MC (base)

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

(Posterior Forearm)

• Innervation - Posterior Interosseous N.
• Action - Extends & ADducts wrist 
• Origin/insertion - Lateral epicondyle / 5th MC (base)

1. Levator ani
2. Coccygeus
3. Tranverse perinei profundus
4. Schincter ani externus

Levator Ani 

(Pelvic Girdle)

• Blood supply - Inferior Rectal & Transverse perineal A.'s
• Innervation - Branches of Pudendal N.
• Action - contracts orifice
• Origin/insertion - Anococcygeal raphe / surround anal canal

1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius
5. Sartorius
6. Iliopsoas

Rectus femoris

(Anterior Thigh)

Iliacus + Psoas

Sartorius & rectus femoris 

"tailor's muscle"

1. Adductors 
2. Gracilis
3. Pectineus

Adductors

(Medial Thigh)

Adductor Brevis, Longus & Magnus

• Blood supply - Obturator A.
• Innervation - Obturator N.
• Action - ADducts leg
• Origin/insertion - Inferior ramus & body of pubis / linea aspera

• Blood supply - Obturator A.
• Innervation - Obturator N.
• Action - ADducts hip & flexes knee
• Origin/insertion - Pubic ramus / tibia (pes anserine) 

Overlies Adductor brevis & longus

• Blood supply - Obturator A.
• Innervation - Femoral & Obturator N.
• Action - ADducts, laterally rotates & flexes hip
• Origin/insertion - Inferior ramus & body of pubis / linea aspera

1. Biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3. Semimembranosus

Biceps Femoris

(Posterior Thigh)

1. TFL
2. Gluteus medius, minimus
3. Gluteus maximus

Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)

(Lateral Thigh)

Gluteus medius, minimus

(Lateral Thigh)

1. Tibialis anterior
2. Extensor digitorum longus
3. Extensor hallucis longus

Tibialis Anterior

(Anterior Leg)

1. Gastrocnemius (2)
2. Soleus
3. Popliteus
4. Plantaris

Gastrocnemius 

(Posterior Leg Muscles)

• Blood supply - Posterior Tibial A.
• Innervation - Tibial N. 
• Action - Knee flexion & plantar flexion
• Origin/insertion - Femur (medial & lateral epicondyles) / Calcaneal tuberosity 

1. Peroneus longus 
2. Peroneus brevis

Peroneus Longus 

(Lateral Leg)

• Blood supply - Anterior Tibial (peroneal) A.
• Innervation - Superficial peroneal (fibular) N. 
• Action - Plantar flexion & eversion
• Origin/insertion - Fibula / medial cuneiform & base 1st MT

Mesodermal blocks = somites

Somites that produce skeletal muscle are myotomes

• Striated
• Multinucleated

• striated
• uni-nucleated @ intercalated disc (seperates opposing cardiac m. cells)

• spindle shaped w/ central nuclei

1. Synarthrosis (immovable)
2. Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
3. Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Synarthrosis 

(Functional or movement joint class)

1. Sutures - bones of skull, hard palate
2. Gomphoses - teeth, styloid process in temporal bone
3. Synchondroses - epiphyseal plate

1. Syndesmoses - interosseus membrane (b/w shafts of ulna & radius, tibia & fibula)
2. Symphysis - pubic symphysis, IVD, manubriosternal joint

1. Hinge (AKA ginglymus) - knee, elbow, phalanges, TMJ
2. Pivot (AKA trochoid) - atlantoaxial joint (median) & proximal radioulnar
3. Gliding (AKA plane) - b/w carpals & tarsals, costovertebral joints
4. Saddle (AKA sella) - 1st CMC
5. Ellipsoid (AKA condyloid) - Radiocarpal & atlantooccipital joint. 
6. Ball & Socket (AKA spheroid) - hip & shoulder (allows greatest ROM)

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Ligamentous & Synovial Joints

Fibrous

(Structural joint)

1. Sutures (Synostosis) - skull
2. Gomphoses - teeth (b/w tooth & gum)
3. Syndesmoses - intraosseous membrane

1. Synchondrosis (primary cartilage) - Epiphyseal plates (bones joined by hyaline cartilage)
2. Symphysis (secondary cartilage) - symphysis pubis, IVD (bones joined by fibrocartilage)

All midline joints are secondary cartilaginous EXCEPT atlantodental (trochoid/pivot joint)

1. Hinge (ginglymus)
2. pivot (trochoid) 
3. gliding (planar) 
4. ellipsoid (condylar) 
5. saddle (sellar) 
6. ball & socket (spheroidal)

1. Uniaxial
2. Biaxial
3. Multiaxial

• 1 plane (flexion/extension)

1. Articular capsule: rim of glenoid fossa --> humerus
• Anterior support for capsule
• Coracohumeral ligament: coracoid --> greater tubercle of humerus
• Glenohumeral ligament: made of 3 ligaments that stabilize anterior side of GH joint
• Superior GH lig. 
• Middle GH lig.
• Inferior GH lig. 
2. Acromioclavicular: acromion --> clavical
3. Coracoacromial: coracoid process --> acromion
4. Coracoclavicular: coracoid process --> clavicle
5. Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilage rib around glenoid fossa

1. Ulnar collateral ligament: medial epicondyle of humerus --> trochlear notch (medial aspect of ulna)
2. Radial collateral ligament:  lateral epicondyle of humerus --> radial head

1. Patellar ligament: patella --> tibial tuberosity (location of Osgood Schlatter's disease)
2. Lateral & medial collateral ligaments: 
• LCL - lateral epicondyle of femur --> head of fibula
• MCL - medial epicondyle of femur --> medial condyle of femur & upper medial tibia
3. Lateral & medial menisci: seperate femoral & tibial condyles (prevent side to side movement & shock absorber)
4. Anterior Cruciate ligament: anterior intercondylar ridge --> posterior medial aspect of lateral condyle (femur)
5. Posterior Cruciate ligament: posterior intercondylar ridge --> anterior lateral aspect of medial condyle (femur)

• Medial meniscus
• Anterior cruciate ligament
• Medial collateral ligament

Intra-articular

1. Round ligament of the head of femur: acetabulum --> fovea centralis of femur

Extra-articular

1. Iliofemoral ligament: AIIS --> intertrochanteric line
2. Pubofemoral ligament: Superior pubic ramus --> intertrochanteric line
3. Ischiofemoral ligament: Ischium --> intertrochanteric line

 Acetabular labrum: Horseshoe-spaped fibrocartilage goes around acetabular rim to deepen acetabulum

1. Deltoid (4 part ligament): medial malleolus --> tarsus (talus, navicular & calcaneus)
• Anterior & Posterior Tibiotalar ligament
• Tibionavicular ligament
• Tibiocalcaneus ligament
2. Lateral ligaments: lateral malleolus --> tarsus
• Anterior talofibular
• Posterior talofibular
• Calcaneofibular

Deltoid ligament "strongest ligament"

Lateral ligament "Most commoly injured"

..Plantar Calcaneonavicular ligament)

• Sustentaculum tali (calcaneus) --> navicular

maintains longitudinal arch

• Anterior & posterior Talofibular ligament
• Calcaneofibular ligament

Cartilage is replaced by bone

(Cartilage is present)

Lamellar bone)

• forms Haversian canal

..Central canal)

• core of osteon (basic unit of compact bone)

• Allows osteocytes in lacunae to "talk" w/ each other

makes (Builds) bone

blast = Builds 

• supplied by Celiac trunk
• esophagus, stomach, proximal half of duodenum

• supplied by superior mesenteric A.
• Distal half of Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Ascending Colon, Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

• supplied by Inferior mesenteric A.
• Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum 

1. Hepatic A.
2. Hepatic Portal V.
3. Common bile duct

• Spine of scapula - Root at T₃
• Acromion - most lateral, superior border
• Coracoid process - 3 muscles attach here:
• Pectoralis minor
• Coracobrachialis
• short head of Biceps Brachii 
• Scapular Notch - superior border

• Conoid process
• Coracoclavicular ligament attaches here
• Clavicle is first bone to begin ossification, one of the last to finish

• Greater tubercle - "SIT" attachment
• Lesser tubercle - Subscapular m. attachment
• Deltoid tuberosity - Roughened attachment surface for deltoid m.
• Intertubercular groove - location of bicipital tendon 
• Medial epicondyle - traversed by the Ulnar N.
• Lateral epicondyle - Groove for Radial N.
• Capitulum - Articulates w/ Radius
• Trochlea - articulates w/ Ulna
• Olecranon fossa - houses olecranon process of ulna

• Fovea (of radial head)- depression on head
• Radial tuberosity - attachment for biceps m.
• Ulnar Notch - articulates w/ ulna
• Radial Styloid process - @ wrist
• Lister's tubercle - locator for lunate

• Olecranon process - Elbow (during extension is placed into olecranon fossa of humerus)
• semilunar notch (AKA trochlear notch) - Elbow (formed by olecranon & coronoid process, articulates w/ trochlea of humerus)
• Coronoid process - Anterior border of Ulna @ Elbow 
• Radial notch - articular depression on Lateral coronoid process
• Head of ulna - @ wrist
• Ulnar styloid process - seperates ulna & carpals

• Proximal row-
• Scaphoid (AKA navicular), Lunate, Triquetrium, Pisiform
• Distal row -
• Trapezium (AKA > multangular), Trapezoid (AKA < multangular), Capitate, Hamate

"Some Ladies Try Positions That They Can't Handle"

1. Hamate
2. Pisiform
3. Triquetrum
4. Lunate

1. Trapezium - under the thumb
2. Trapezoid
3. Scaphoid
4. Capitate

• Anterior: ABductor pollicis longus & Extensor pollicis brevis (tendons)
• Posterior: Extensor pollicis longus (tendon)
• Roof: skin
• Floor: scaphoid bone 
• Contains: radial N.

Tibial N. 

• in the tarsal tunnel the Tibia N. splits into 3 nerves:
1. Calcaneal N.
2. Lateral Plantar N.
3. Medial Plantar N.

• MCP = Haygarth's nodes (OA)
• PIP = Bouchard's nodes (OA or RA)
• DIP = Heberden's nodes (RA)

If all three are affected = Ray sign --> Psoriatic Arthritis

1. Celiac trunk (a. Left gastric A., b. Splenic A.,        c. Common hepatic A.)
2. Superior mesenteric A. (a. Pancreatic duodenal A., b. Middle Colic A., c. Right colic A., d. Iliocolic A.,   e. Intestinal A. consisting of Jejunal & Ileal)
3. Right renal A.
4. Left renal A.
5. Right gonadal A.
6. Left gonadal A.
7. Inferior mesenteric A. (a. Left colic A., b. Sigmoid A., c. Superior rectal A.)
8. Common Iliac A.
9. Common Iliac A.
10. External Iliac A.
11. External Iliac A.
12. Internal Iliac A.
13. Internal Iliac A.
14. Middle sacral A.

• Illiopectineal Line - makes up one side (half) of the pelvic inlet
• made up of the arcuate & pectineal lines.
• Greater Sciatic Notch - medial posterior location, Sciatic N. passes through
• Posterior Gluteal Line - look up a little more--> there are 3 gluteal lines

• Lesser Sciatic Notch - Pudendal N. passes through
• Ischial Tuberosity - bears weight of body when we sit

• Obturator Foramen - large opening created by pubic & ishium bones.

• Acetabulum - made up of Ilium, ischium and pubis bones
• Greater Trochanter - lateral femur location
• Lesser Trochanter - medial femur location
• Intertrochanteric Line & Crest - line b/w trochanters
• Linea Aspera - roughed surface posterior aspect of femur (inferior to gluteal tuberosity)
• has lateral & medial lip
• ADductor Tubercle - located on medial condyle, attachment of ADductor magnus m.

• Intercondylar Eminence - eminance of medial surface of both tibial condyles
• Tibial Tuberosity - patellar ligament attaches here
• Medial Malleolus - formed by distal tibia
• Soleal (popliteal) Line - upper posterior 1/3 of tibia extending obliquely down. Serves as insertion for popliteal m.

• Head - proximal fibular, lateral leg. Common peroneal (fibular) N. wraps around fibular head
• Lateral Malleolus - formed by distal fibula

7

• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Navicular
• 1st Cuneiform (AKA medial)
• 2nd Cuneiform (AKA intermediate or middle)
• 3rd Cuneiform (AKA lateral)
• Cuboid

Heart 

Averages __ beats/min; __ - ___mL of blood every beat

• Right auricle - located superior corner of atrium
• Pectinate (rough) muscle & smooth muscle seperated by ridge called Crista terminalis
• Right heart border

• Anterior surface of heart (majority)
• Inferior heart border
• Trabeculae carneae - ridges/muscular columns on inner surface

• oxygen rich blood (from lungs)
• Openings of 4 pulmonary veins (from lungs)
• Posterior surface (majority)

• Pumps to Aorta
• Apex of heart
• Left heart border (along w/ left auricle)
• Trabeculae carneae - ridges/muscular columns on inner surface

4 heart valves

(in circulation order)

1. Tricuspid - right atrium to right ventricle
2. Pulmonary - right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
3. Mitral - left atrium to left ventricle
4. Aortic - left ventricle to ascending aorta

• Right coronary A.
• Left coronary A.

Superior Thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Posterior Auricular

(arteries)

• Terminates: Superficial temporal A.'s & Maxillary A.

"Save A Lady Falling Out (of a) Plane Super Man"

Coronary A.'s, Brachiocephalic (Right Common Carotid A. & Right subclavian A.), Left Common Carotid A., Left subclavian A.

• Celiac trunk 
• Left gastric
• Common Hepatic
• Splenic
• Superior Mesenteric A 
• Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal 
• Intestinal
• Ileocolic
• Right Colic
• Middle Colic
• Inferior Mesenteric A. 
• Left Colic
• Sigmoid
• Superior rectal

Mediastinum

(intrapleural space in the thorax)

1. Superior mediastinum
• Location (boundaries) - 1st rib --> sternal angel -->T4-T5 Disc
• Contents - SVC (upper 1/2), Arch of Aorta, trachea, internal thoracic A. & V, Brachiocephlaic A & V, Left Common Carotid A, Subclavian, Thoracic duct, esophagus, thyroid, vagus N., Left recurrent laryngeal N., Thymic remnants & phrenic N.
2. Anterior mediastinum
• Location - Anterior to Pericardium
• Contents - Thymic remnants (commonly in Sup. Mediastinum), Lymph nodes, fat & loose c.t. and sternopericardial ligaments
3. Middle mediastinum
• Location - b/w right & left pleural cavities
• Contents - Heart, pericardium, Ascending Aorta, SVC (lower 1/2), Right & Left pulmonary A's & V's, phrenic N., Great Vessels, Arch of the Azygous V. & Main bronchi
4. Posterior mediastinum
• Location - poterior to pericardium (b/w mediastinal pleurae)
• Contents - Esophagus, Descending Thoracic Aorta, Azygous & Hemiazygous V., Assessory Azygous V's, Thoracic duct, Sympathetic trunk, Splanchnic & Vagus N's

• lymphatic organ
• Stores - RBC's
• Produces - Lymphocytes & antibodies
• Contains - Both red pulp (RBC's) & white pulp (lymphocytes)

1. Dendrites - "tree branches"
2. Cell Body (AKA Perikaryon or Soma) - contains nucleus
3. Axon - "impulse generator"
4. Terminal button - neurotransmitter stored here

• Ectoderm - epithelial cells of skin & nervous tissue
• Endoderm - epithelial cells that line resporatory & digestive systems
• Mesoderm - everything else

• initiates digestive process
• Saliva
• 60-70% saliva from submandibular gland 
• 20-30% saliva from parotid gland

• double fold peritoneum transmits vessels, nerves & lymph tissue

• Falciform ligament- Left lobe of liver --> diaphragm
• Coronary ligament- Right lobe of liver --> diaphragm
• Ligamentum venosum --> lies in liver fissure (remnant of ductus venosus)

• Lesser Omentum - Extends from liver to lesser curve of stomach
• Greater Omentum - extends from greater curve of stomach to Transverse Colon

• Structures - cardia, fundus, body & pylorus
• Curves - greater & lessser
• Pyloric orifice - sphincter
• Rugae - Mucous lining with many folds
• Cells
• Parietal (AKA oxyntic) - secretes HCl & IF
• Chief (AKA zymogenic) - secretes Pepsinogen
• Ghrelin - stimulate hunger

Duodenum (~10 inch) --> Jejunum (~8 ft) --> Ileum (~12 ft)

• Brush Border - Inc. surface area for absorption
• Plicae Circulare - folds
• Epithelial cells - make CCK (cholecystokinin)

1. Cecum - blind pouch
• Appendix - hollow
2. Colon - ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid
3. Rectum & Anus - Columns of Morgangi for Expansion

• Lobes - 
• Right: Anterior & posterior segments
• Left: divided into caudate & quadrate lobes (meidal & lateral segments)
• Produces - bile, (RBC's in fetus)
• Filters & detoxifies blood, involved in protein synthesis
• Stores - glycogen, vitamins, iron & copper

• bile secreted when stimulated by CCK
• Bile emulsifies fat

• Duodenum, Ascending Colon, Ureters, Pancreas, Suprarenals, Descending Colon, Aorta, Kidneys, Rectum, Inferior vena cava

D CUPS DAKRI

1. Frontal
2. Ethmoid
3. Sphenoid
4. Maxillary

FASM

• Carilages - thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneifrom
• Ligaments - vocal, vestibular & conus elasticus
• Folds - (true vocal chords) controls the stream of air

• acts as a sphincter for food passage (bolus)
• made up of Smooth & skeletal muscle

• 16-20 cartilaginous rings from cricoid to bronchi (T4-T5 level)
• Carina - marks division of trachea into primary bronchi (origin of cough reflex)

Right - shorter, wider & verticle

Left - longer, narrower & horizontal

• Right - 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) seperated by oblique & horizontal fissures
• Left - 2 lobes (upper, lower) divided by oblique fissure
• upper lobe (cardiac notch & lingula)