Term
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Definition
| The feminine mystique questions the social norms that were prevalent in the 1950’s and 60’s that said women should stay in the home and raise children. Women in the 1950’s were having more and more children, marrying earlier, dropping out of college, basically just trying to fit the model of the stereotypical women of the time. As time progressed more and more women were becoming depressed, and many professionals could not pinpoint exactly why (although they had ideas). In the feminine mystique Betty Friedan calls this depression the problem with no name and says women feel depressed because American women want “something more than my husband and my children and my home.” Domestic life was making women feel unfulfilled and depressed due to lack of stimulation. |
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Term
| E. Franklin Frazier -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| black sociologist , acknowledged that the female centered kin networks of the rural south had helped protect black communities in the past. But he claimed in the urban North, black women's economic dominance and sexual aggressiveness had resulted in a disorganized families and impoverished communities. And, like his white counterparts in sociology and psychiatry, he saw no contradiction in simultaneously attacking middle class homemakers. The life of many a ‘wealthy’ Negro doctor he wrote in 1962 “is shortened by the struggle to provide diamonds, minks, and an expensive home for the housewife” |
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Term
| Lerone Bennett, Jr. -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| argued in Ebony magazine that black women had played an important role in the fight for freedom but argued that their independence had not been an unmixed blessing. He concluded that “black women has proven that women are people but she now faces a greater task. IN an age where negroes , whites, men and women are confused about the meaning of femininity she must prove that women are also women” Also described successful marriages where husband and wife both worked” |
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Term
| Sex and the Single Girl -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| written by Helen Gurley Brown. Advanced the provocative idea that women should not see marriage as the best years of your life. Rather marriage is insurance for the worst years of your life. During your best years you don’t need a husband. You do need a man of course every step of the way and they are often cheaper emotionally and a lot more fun by the bunch. BRown argued that women had same sexual desires as men and the same right to satisfy them. She also thought women needed a job. Advised women to to try and find a job that brings recognition.(reader587) |
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Term
| masculine mystique -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| In the 1960’s the “masculine mystique - that impossible synthesis of sober, responsible breadwinner, imperviously stoic master of his fate, and the swashbuckling hero- was finally exposed as a fraud” |
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Term
| men’s liberation -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| (JC)ideology that called to free men from the restrictive roles to which they had been assigned Men felt increasingly alienated, stuck in a rut, unable to escape the dull monotony of a cookie cutter corporate identity, a suit that was ready made and waiting to be filled”--- this can be seen as the cause of men wanting to liberated from the traditional breadwinner role. (kimmel first defined 191)(JC) |
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Term
| Robert Blauner -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| wrote an important book that was called “Alienation and Freedom, which identified several dimensions of alienation that were pervasive for middle class men as they were for blue collar workers. Blauner argued that the experience of powerlessness (having no control over their actions on the job), meaningless (performing specialized tasks that they cannot relate to the whole), isolation (inability to identify with the firm or its goals), and self-estrangement (the lack of integration between their work and other aspects of life) led men to search for affirmation and identity outside of the workplace” (kimmel 191)(JC) |
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Term
| Port Huron Statement -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| was the founding document for the student for a democratic society, which gave an anxious plea for a new definition of manhood. “contemporary society use men, treated them as things to be manipulated inherently incapable of directing their own affairs; we had become docile and dependent. But the solution was not egoistic individualism , which led only to loneliness, estrangement and isolation, but rather the exploration of our unfulfilled capacities for reason, freedom and love and our unrealized potential for self-evaluation, self-direction, self-understanding, and creativity.(kimmel 193)(JC) |
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Term
| George Gilder -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| conservative political theorist George Gilder also used a putative biological argument to support anti feminist claims in his book Sexual Suicide and Naked Nomads. Men gilder argued were biologically driven toward aggression, competition, and violence, naturally disposed to crime, drugs and naturally susceptible to disease and if women followed feminist ideals they would abandon their traditional role as moralistic constraints on men’s antisocial nature. Since men were untamable except in traditional responsible roles as father, husband and breadwinner- he cites statistics that indicate the most violent crimes are committed by young men- womens liberation would result in an uprising among men, who would run rampant in an orgy of violence and aggression and sex. Male suxuality is insistent and incessant; if not harnessed by women, there will be aimless copulation slaked by masturbation and pornography or uncontrolled promiscous homsexuality. Gilder and other anti feminist prescribed traditional marriage and nuclear families, with one male breadwinner and a stay at home female homemaker as the solution to male malaise.(199 Kimmel)(JC) |
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Term
| Patricia Cayo Sexton -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| observed a general enervating trend in american culture-- a trend directly traceable to women’s monopoly over child rearing and early education. In the Feminized Male Sexton argues that this overexposure to feminine norms at home and at school was turning boys into weak-willed bunch of sissies, afflicted by excessive caution and a virtual incapacity to do anything in the real world.(kimmel 199)(JC) |
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Term
| Growing Up Straight -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
-Provided anxious parents with a set of early warning signs of homosexuality in their sons.
-Pre-homosexual boys were identified by their “unmasculine” behaviors.
-In order to fix this, father must become role models and mother must accept their husband as head of the household. [EP] |
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Term
| Robert Brannon -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| Wrote The forty nine Percent. in the introduction he reduced the male sex role into four basic rules for man. 1) No sissy stuff , 2) be a big wheel (indicated that masculinity is measured by power, wealth and success, 3) Be a sturdy oak(meaning don't show emotions), 4) give em hell (meaning being masculine is being aggressive and daring) (203 Kimmel)(JC) |
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Term
| Joseph Pleck -The Feminine Mystique |
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Definition
| Wrote Men and Masculinity. Claimed that “ It’s becoming clear to many of us that many of our most important inner needs cannot be met by acting in the ways we have been expected to act as men” “we no longer want to strain and compete to live an impossible oppressive masculine image-- strong silent cool handsome, unemotional, successful, master of women, leader of men, wealthy, brilliant, athletic heavy.(203-204 kimmel)(JC) |
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Term
| Emmett Till -From Racist Atrocity to Mass Movement |
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Definition
-He was visiting Mississippi on a trip in the town of money, happy-go-lucky, only 15 years old
-His mom told him how to behave in front of white woman.
-An African American, murdered by Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam for whistling at Carolyn Bryant, Roy Bryant’s wife.
- August 28, 1955
-Race Atrocity
-This was the event that triggered the civil rights movement.
-The main argument of the prosecution was that they could not prove that the body was Emmett Till’s |
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Term
| Roy Bryant -From Racist Atrocity to Mass Movement |
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Definition
-They were arrested, indicted and tried for the murder of Emmett Till.
-September 23, 1955, the while all male declared him not guilty.
-The men were not indicted for the kidnapping.
-If he hadn’t killed Emmett he would've lost his masculinity and more black boys would have done things like this. (EP) |
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Term
| J.W. Milam -From Racist Atrocity to Mass Movement |
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Definition
-Roy Bryant’s half brother.
-They were arrested, indicted and tried for the murder of Emmett Till.
-September 23, 1955, the while all male declared him not guilty.
-The men were not indicted for the kidnapping. (EP) |
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Term
| White Citizens’ Councils -From Racist Atrocity to Mass Movement |
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Definition
| In response to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision ending school segregation, white segregationists throughout the South created the White Citizens’ Councils (WCC). These local groups typically drew a more middle and upper class membership than the Ku Klux Klan and, in addition to intimidation to counter civil rights goals, they sought to economically and socially oppress blacks. |
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Term
| John Rock -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| developed first pill. Led clinical trials for the first birth control pill and campaigned for the Roman Catholic approval of the pill. |
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Term
| Margaret Sanger -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| established Planned Parenthood. Was one of the main leaders of the American Birth Control Movement. Was arrested for distributing contraceptives. The publicity surrounding Sanger's arrest, trial, and appeal sparked birth control activism across the United States, and earned the support of numerous donors who would provide her with funding and support for future endeavors (from Wikipedia). |
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Term
| Katharine McCormick -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| funded birth control research. Leading women’s rights activist and scientist specializing in endocrinology. |
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Term
| Gregory Pincus -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| invented combined oral contraceptive pill. Met with Sanger and McCormick to dramatically expand the scope of birth control research using funding from McCormick. |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education -From Racist Atrocity to Mass Movement |
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Definition
| overturned the Constitutionality of “separate but equal” racial segregation upheld by Plessy v Ferguson. It was a giant step towards equal rights legislation. |
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Term
| Montgomery bus boycott -From Racist Atrocity to Mass Movement |
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Definition
| after the arrest of Rosa Parks, King and other civil rights leaders began a city wide boycott of public transit to demand a fixed dividing line for the segregated sections of the buses. Such a line would have meant that if the white section of the bus was oversubscribed, whites would have to stand; blacks would not be forced to remit their seats to whites. This dividing line was a compromise, because leaders didn’t think the city would go for full integration of the busses. |
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Term
| Mamie Till Bradley -From Racist Atrocity to Mass Movement |
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Definition
| Mother of Emmett Till. For her son's funeral, Till-Mobley insisted that the casket containing his body be left open, because, in her words, "I wanted the world to see what they did to my baby." Tens of thousands of people viewed Emmett's body and photographs were circulated around the country. |
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Term
| Carolyn Bryant -From Racist Atrocity to Mass Movement |
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Definition
| wife of Roy Bryant. Carolyn Bryant asserted that Till had grabbed her at the waist and asked her for a date. She said the young man also used "unprintable" words. Her reaction to whatever Till actually did to her caused the death Till by her husband/others’ hand. |
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Term
| voluntary motherhood -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| women’s rights leaders promoted this to give women the right when to have children (pg 15 The Pill). was the central idea behind the birth control movement |
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Term
| Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| a non-profit organization providing reproductive health and maternal and child health services. Was originally established by Margaret Sanger when she opened up the first birth control clinic. |
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Term
| The Population Bomb -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| a best-selling book written by Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich (who was uncredited), in 1968.It warned of the mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation, as well as other major societal upheavals, and advocated immediate action to limit population growth. Fears of a "population explosion" were widespread in the 1950s and 60s, but the book and its author brought the idea to an even wider audience.The book has been criticized in recent decades for its alarmist tone and inaccurate predictions. The Ehrlichs stand by the basic ideas in the book, stating in 2009 that "perhaps the most serious flaw in The Bomb was that it was much too optimistic about the future" and believe that it achieved their goals because "it alerted people to the importance of environmental issues and brought human numbers into the debate on the human future. |
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Term
| Zero Population Growth (ZPG) -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| a condition of demographic balance where the number of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines, considered as a social aim. According to some, zero population growth is the ideal towards which countries and the whole world should aspire in the interests of accomplishing long-term environmental sustainability. (I’m not sure if Cardyn added this because a specific person like Sanger or whoever preached this. But on the test you could just say that it was one of the birth control movement’s general goals.) |
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Term
| Barbara Seaman -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
-author of The Doctors’ Case Against the Pill, insisted that the problem with male contraception was sexism
-established career as a writer for women’s magazines
-by late 1960s, had become an advocate for women’s health
-critical of the pill, argued that women needed to have access to all the info about the pill’s dangers and called upon women to take charge of own medical decisions
-unwittingly collaborated with Hugh Davis, whose goal was to promote own Dalkon Shield IUD. Davis used her platform to promote flawed product
-among the founders of the broad-based women’s health movement |
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Term
| Griswold v. Connecticut -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
-1965 supreme court case
-the use of contraception was illegal in Connecticut
-Estelle Griswold -- Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut
-Charles Lee Buxton -- He holds a chair at Yale school of medicine
-Both Griswold and Buxton opened a birth control clinic in New Haven, Connecticut, in order to test the contraception law once again
-Shortly after the clinic was opened, Griswold and Buxton were arrested, tried, found guilty, and fined $100 each.
-Griswold argued that the Connecticut statute against the use of contraceptives was countered by the 14th Amendment, which states, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law...nor deny any person the equal protection of the laws,"
-The law violates the rights of marital privacy
-This case only involved the rights of married women
-Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy.
-Although the Bill of Rights does not explicitly mention "privacy", Justice William O. Douglas wrote for the majority that the right was to be found in the "penumbras" and "emanations" of other constitutional protections. |
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Term
| Dalkon Shield -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
| 1980 disaster, in which 18 women died and 100s of 1000s of others suffered serious infections of the uterus requiring hysterectomies as the result of the faulty IUD design |
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Term
| Boston Women’s Health Book Collective (BWHBC) -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
-group of women in Boston began meeting informally to learn about women’s health care issues and to teach a course in the local community, became BWHBC
-most visible and influential voice of the women’s health movement
-signature accomplishment was its 1973 publication of Our Bodies, Ourselves. first edition neutral about pill, later editions less confident, then skeptical of effectiveness, later recommended other contraception, by 2005 endorsed the pill
-called for continued research into a male pall, distrusted doctors and encouraged women to examine themselves, saw the pharmaceutical industry as interested only in making money |
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Term
| Norplant -The Rise of Modern Reproductive Politics |
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Definition
-long-acting compound implanted in the upper arm, FDA approved in 1990
-prevents pregnancy for up to 5 years
-controversy almost immediately: possibility of coercive use because women can’t insert/remove by themselves. 1990s political climate grew hostile to welfare, taxpayers complained about supporting children of women on welfare. ideas to “reduce the underclass” and financial incentives for inner-city black women on welfare
-no bills passed mandating Norplant or offering financial incentives, but many poor women found it was easier and cheaper to acquire. was offered for free through subsidized clinics and in predominantly black public schools |
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Term
| in loco parentis -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| latin for “in the place of a parent”; Prior to the 1960s, in universities, school administrators served as foster parents, entrusted with the responsibility of guiding and governing their charges as they made the transition from adolescence into adulthood. Most schools had strict parietal rules putting restrictions on students’ private lives. The parietal rules included constant supervision, curfews, prohibiting students from leaving dormitories overnight, having guests over, etc. Students caught having sex were certain to be expelled. (p. 634, Reader) (CR); LeClair of Barnard College began the movement to end these rules (mg) |
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Term
| Linda LeClair -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| A Barnard college student that lied to the school and said she was doing babysitting work so that she could live off campus with her boyfriend. A journalist reported how kids were beginning to cohabitate schools and interviewed LeClair. LeClair boasted how she lied to school the school found out and the president of school tried to expel her. This became a national story. Many people wrote to the college to complain about the double standard that existed between men and women when it came to living off campus and curfews. LeClair’s case went to the school review board where they sided with LeClair. President of school still expelled her, which led to a sit in by students. Many mailed the school and said the breakdown of the family was caused by women like LeClair who refused to be obedient pure women. She fought against the stereotype that said it was women’s responsibility to fight off young men, and women’s job to protect the family. She became a symbol of the sexual revolution for women. LeClair showed that college were redefining their own definitions of sexual freedom. |
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Term
| Ira Reiss -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| sociologist in 1967 who reported a study that said young people were against promiscuity. Although they were permissive of premartital sex so long that it was done within a loving monogamous relationship. Reiss concluded that the change in sexual standards over the course of the preceding century had not been a sexual revolution, but rather a gradual and constant process of gender-role readjustment. |
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Term
| “Make Love, Not War” -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| Was one of the key slogans of the counter culture. But is was not a rallying cry for casual sex; it was, rather, an almost sentimental plea for harmony and brotherhood. If people would only stop hurting and killing one another and instead begin truly loving each other, the world would be a better place. Misinterpreted when people said it meant hippies wanted rampant promiscuity. |
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Term
| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| student activist movement representative of the New Left; descended from the Student League for Industrial Democracy (changed its name to SDS in 1960); first met at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor |
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Term
| Kate Millett -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| Graduate student at Columbia university wrote in her dissertation, published in 1970 as Sexual Politics, “Coitus can scarcely be said to take place in a vacuum; it is so deeply set within the larger context of human affairs that it serves as a charged microcosm of the variety of attitudes and values to which a culture subscribes” In her dissertation, Millet made it plain that the values and attitudes espoused in the writing of male figures like Freud, D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Norman Mailer, were geared to the subordination of women. These supposed sexual liberals viewed all women as potential whores. Freud treated women’s sexual desires like a disease; while the others were guilty of eroticizing rape. Argued that a real sexual revolution would require and end to taboos, and a permissive singe standard of sexual freedom. (reader 640) |
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Term
| Cell 16 -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
-Dana Densmore was a founder of this feminist group in Boston
-Densmore advocated celibacy: “sex is not essential to life. it’s inconvenient, time-consuming, energy-draining, and irrelevant.” |
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Term
| American University coed housing survey -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| Ambivalence towards sexual freedom that young adults felt was reflected in this survey. Only 10 percent of males and 2 percent of females said they would coeducational dorm rooms. Showed most popular housing option was separate floors for males and females |
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Term
| Stonewall Riots -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| A riot at a gay bar in Greenwich village which some say ignited the gay liberation movement. After the first night of riots there was a more political tone the second night where gaymen made signs that said “ THEY INVADED OUR RIGHTS; LEGALIZE GAY BARS; SUPPORT GAY POWER.” Crowds faced off against police by throwing bottles and bricks at them and shouting gay power. Called Boston tea party of the gay movement. Sparked the gay revolution |
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Term
| Mattachine Society -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
founded in 1950, one of the earliest homophile associations in the United States; in the wake of the Stonewall Riots, the society was seen as less radical compared to groups like the Gay Liberation Front and the Gay Activist Alliance
-leaflet described the Stonewall riots as “the hairpin drop heard around the world”
-president Dick Leitsch presided over a public meeting at St. John’s. declared that although police brutality should be protested, it was important for the gay community to remain on good terms with the Establishment. acceptance would come slowly through educating the straight population. people weren’t happy with this, wanted to be more militant/aggressive/violent |
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Term
| Gay Liberation Front (GLF) -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| radical gay rights organization where personal declaration and revolutionary rhetoric flourished. Supported the struggles of all minority groups. Had very unruly and unorganized meetings. The New York GLF organized activites ranging from encounter groups to spaghetti dinners. Organized dances that attracted many gay people. The GLF aligned itself with many radical revolutionary groups. |
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Term
| “A Gay Manifesto” -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| Argued that gays need a new community, institutions, and a distinctive gay culture if they wanted to be liberated from the oppressive and exploitative society that they felt they were apart. They needed “free territory” (reader 650) Written by Carl Wittman, was one of the most important documents of the gay liberation movement. Worked out many gay liberation ideas. Wanted to purge society of male chauvinism. Had four gay imperatives—page 658 of reader |
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Term
| Gay Activist Alliance (GAA) -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| Offshoot of the GLF that represented a reform orientated faction that was determined to work exclusively on gay issues—as opposed to the GLF’s multi issue orientation—and who’s interest in raising gay issues in mainstream politics was more akin the old mattachine society approach Organization saw its primary goal was to as rallying homosexuals through direct action. It perfect eh art of “zap” in which GAA members confronted politicians, the media and the other individuals and institutions. (reader 654) |
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Term
| Rita Mae Brown -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| Organizer who was active in the New York chapter of NOW. Browns visit to GLF was a catalyst; from that moment women’s consciousness raising groups within the GLF began to explore the relationship between lesbianism and feminism, a development that was fundamentally alter the course of the gay and lesbian movement. Brown experienced the discrimination that was prevalent in women’s groups because women’s groups were fearful that they would be branded a group full of lesbians. |
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Term
| “lavender menace” -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| people like Friedan were worried that the fragile women’s movements would be branded a movement full of lesbians and would therefore be destroyed before it could achieve idenpendece for women. Reader (652) |
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Term
| Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| one of the homophile societies seeking acceptance for gays in society; wanted gays to be accepted as part of mainstream society but did not demand marriage or custody rights |
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Term
| Radicalesbians -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| First east coast lesbian group since the DOB was established years before. After the establishment of this group many lesbians began to move away from the mixed liberation movements towards the formation of all women’s groups committed to lesbianism-feminism.--- an organization that was the eventual result of the Lavender Menaces forming a consciouslness raising group. It was the first East Coast lesbian group since DOB was established years before. they stated "what is a lesbian? A lesbian is the rage of all women condensed to the point of explosion..." |
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Term
| Charlotte Bunch -Sexual Liberation and the Sixties |
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Definition
| organizations aim was to be NAACP for gay people, establishing gay and lesbians as a political force, and synthesizing “ the old homophile and reformist gay and lesbian liberationist into a new hybrid with broader appeal”(reader 656) |
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Term
| New Left -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-1968, pace of feminist politics picked up when expatriates from the New Left and refugees from the counterculture joined a radical movement dedicated to women (Stansell 221)
-searing denunciations of American society and apocalyptic visions of its collapse, (222)
-situated among college students, arose in SDS. believed change must be radical, convinced that law and government were tools of classism and racism, wanted nothing to do with working in institutions. instead wanted to go outside of it. convinced the social fabric of america was inherently corrupt. racism, sexism, classism. while concerned about class and equality rhetorically, rejected predecessor’s (Old Left) belief in the working class as a vanguard, socialist notion drawn from Marx and Lenin. New Left said no, it’s going to be us, the students. |
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Term
| radical feminism -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-aim to topple patriarchy, not just make EEOC comply with Title VII. politics with the habit of lashing out at intimates rather than august authority (e.g., brothers, mothers) (Stansell 221)
-recruits carried New Lefts’ precepts and applied them to women: only revolutionary change could bring change; the law and government were facades for class and racist rule; social fabric was rotten (222)
-newest feminists largely middle-class white women (students and college grads). identified the grounds of change as personal life; changes in hearts and minds would destroy patriarchal institutions (222)
-slogan: “the personal is political” (232). not merely slogan or tactic, but strategy.
-virtually no experience or interest in pressure politics, legislative action, elections (235)
-believed in radical change, not willing to use government or law at the beginning. unlike the New Left, specifically focused on women as vanguard of change. first gender-based revolutionary movement.
-diverged from NL in NL’s tendency to suppress women within organization. rhetorically about egalitarianism, practice tended to be something else in NL. men always presumed to be in leadership, without discussion women given task of note keeping/cleaning. called girls, speeches written by men. |
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Term
| Ella Baker -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-SNCC’s guiding genius (Stansell 223)
-as early as 1963 sought to counteract growing separatist sentiments (Evans R670) |
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Term
| Ruby Doris Smith Robinson -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-SNCC’s near-legendary young organizer (Stansell 223)
-summer 1964, led a group of women to write a paper on the movement’s failure to achieve sexual equality (Evan R668)
-myth that she wrote the paper, not white women. black women occupied positions of growing strength and power which challenged sexual discrimination. their example inspired white women outside SNCC’s inner circles, who believed that if anyone could write such a paper, it would be black women. (Evans R670) |
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Term
| Diane Nash -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
| SNCC’s near-legendary young organizer (Stansell 223) |
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Term
| SNCC Position Paper (Women in the Movement) -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-Summer of 1964. Hayden, King, and Varela wrote anonymously. indicted SNCC in strong language. the woman in SNCC is often in the same position as that token Negro hired in a corporation. Evidence of sexual discrimination in SNCC. analogy with black oppression. went unnoticed (Evans R668)
-Written by two anonymous SNCC women; challenged a bundle of assumptions about SNCC men's treatment of women; stated that women were treated as secretaries and were "insulted" by being called "girls" (shows that they were deemed as a lesser identity) |
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Term
| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-part of New Left--belief in radical change
-saw law and government as tools of classism,sexism,racism etc. and wanted to change institutions instead of working within them
-Believed social fabric of america is corrupt and can’t sustain itself
-students for change instead of working class(Old Left) |
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Term
| Redstockings -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-formed in 1969, influential in the development of radical feminist theory (CR)
-a NYC group with branches in florida and CA, formed in 1969 and was influential in the development of radical feminist theory. saw women’s oppression as fundamental, underlay virtually all human society. influenced by Marxism, took class analysis a step further and extended it to relations between men and women, arguing that all men benefit from women’s subordination and that conflict between the sexes was political. women as a class could exercise political power. rejected fem theory interpretations that blamed women’s oppression on women’s own inadequacies. (R689) |
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Term
| Bread and Roses -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
| wrote “Declarations of Women’s Independence.” manifesto illustrates the breadth of women’s liberation policy proposals and suggests that the women’s movement was working toward a program of total social transformation, as opposed to one limited to privileged women’s interests (R686) [ma] |
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Term
| Women’s Strike for Equality -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
| a strike which took place in the United States on August 26, 1970. It celebrated the 50th anniversary of the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment, which effectively gave American women the right to vote.[1] The rally was sponsored by the National Organization for Women (NOW). More than 20,000 women gathered for the protest in New York City and throughout the country. At this time, the gathering was the largest on behalf of women in the United States.[1] The strike primarily focused on equal opportunity in the workforce, political rights for women, and social equality in relationships such as marriage. It also addressed the right to have an abortion and free childcare, but these were more controversial positions which more conservative women, including pro-life feminists, generally did not agree with. |
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Term
| consciousness raising -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-the process by which an individual put “the personal is political” into motion. more fundamental to being feminist than joining an organization or taking action. raising consciousness was action, the pivotal action, because it was necessary to shear away so many assumptions (Stansell 244)
-turned self-awareness into political pedagogy and, in theory, inspiration for action |
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Term
| New York Radical Women -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-beginning with this group in late 1968, feminists established small talking groups to make consciousness-raising systematic (Stansell 244)
-wrote set of principles that constituted an early formulation of what came to be known as radical feminism (R681) |
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Term
| Radicalesbians -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-first known as the Lavender Menace
-“consciousness raising group for women interested in exploring lesbianism and feminism”.
-Significant because it moved away from “mixed” gay liberation movement toward all-women groups committed to lesbian-feminism. (p. 653, Reader)
-“Theorized lesbianism as a political choice and equated it with feminist anger” |
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Term
| Pauli Murray -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
-dubbed radicals “the gung-ho gals.” complained that newcomers “tend to see older women as ‘passe’ and... do not have the same respect for and deference to older veterans as my generation does.” (235)
-consistently maintained since 1963 that the two battles for civil rights should be linked. by 1969, she was one of the few prominent black women to argue for an interracial movement. otherwise, she believed, civil rights and feminism would die, only black woman could make the necessary connection (269)
-devotion to feminism isolated her from younger black women, and her dedication to labor causes and civil rights separated her from young white women (270) |
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Term
| Stokely Carmichael -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
“The only position for women in SNCC is prone” rebuttal to paper (Evans R669) [ma].
Activist in the Civil Rights Movement. Was part of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. Participated in the Freedom Rides of CORE and was frequently arrested for his activism. |
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Term
| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
| a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Membership in CORE is still stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world.” Founded in Chicago in 1942. The group sought to apply the principles of nonviolence as a tactic against segregation. Conducted “Freedom Rides” through the south in an effort to end segregation in interstate travel. df |
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Term
| Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
| at the Atlantic City Democratic Convention, brought the summer to a climax by offering a delegation to challenge the all-white representatives of the state Democratic machine (Evans R671) [ma] |
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Term
| Fannie Lou Hamer -Second Wave Feminism |
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Definition
| testified to the Credentials Committee that she had been denied the right to vote, jailed, and beaten (Evans R671) [ma] |
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Term
| New Right - Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| Strongly against feminism in the 1970s- even they conceded that women deserved equal pay and treatment by the law (Stansell, 275) [LP] |
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Term
| National Organization for Women (NOW)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men.
-The dissidents established the National Organization for Women as a pressure group, a "select" association of in-fluential women and men.
-Within months, they had three hundred charter members.
-Betty Friedan was the first president of NOW.
-The NOW charter held up an egalitarian idea of marriage as a "true partnership between the sexes."
-Without ties to men, no action would proceed, nor would sex equality be complete.
-In 1967, the organization held demonstrations in six cities against EEOC policy. |
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Term
| liberal feminism- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-The women in 1970s were solid and enduring, with unanticipated consequences that gave feminism a strong voice in the country's life.
-It was liberal feminism, with NOW as the standard-bearer, modified and transmitted ideas that originated with women's liberation through a network that reached deep into the heartland. |
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Term
| Equal Rights Amendment- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-non controversial
-feminist supported it
-was to be ratified and it required 38 states within 7 years
-within one year there was only 8 states left to go
-equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by the state on account of sex (EP) |
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Term
| Comprehensive Child Development Act (CDA) (1971)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| It didn’t pass-- “popular bill for federally funded care”; President Nixon vetoed this bill; Stansell goes on to discuss the importance of child care to women’s equality and that it had widespread support from many people when it was created. She compared its reception to that of Social Security and Medicare and was seen as an entitlement; it was actually a pretty modest bill but some more radical Republicans in Congress attacked it and connected it with socialism. Moderates were unhappy when Nixon vetoed it, but the focus soon shifted because a lot of public attention was on abortion at the time (Stansell, 280-1) [LP] |
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Term
| Shirley Chisholm- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| The first African- American woman elected to Congress. She was elected in 1970 as a Democrat from Brooklyn (Stansell, 282) - also involved in the National Women’s Political Caucus (NWPC) and her involvement in the leadership of the organization as a black woman signalled that the organization wanted to include women of different ethnicities and backgrounds instead of a “evangelical sect” (Stansell, 283) [LP] Also: there’s more info about the NWPC in general on this page (not sure if that would come up on the test) |
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Term
| Margaret Chase Smith- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| The first duly elected female senator elected in 1970. The women elected before her had been appointed by the ‘coffin route’, which was when a wife or political appointee would take on a position after the man who had previously held that role died. Stansell notes that women who took these positions through the ‘coffin route’ “as a rule refrained from doing serious congressional business” (Stansell, 282) [LP] |
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Term
| Title IX (1972)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-sex discrimination in higher education
-a number of women faculty in higher education were suing men
-this title indicated that all institution had to treat men and women and girls equally.
-Sports were seen as one of the last man (EP)
One of the landmark cases between 1972-4. The following legislative victories followed the failure of the Child Care bill and made it seem like the equal rights movement for women was gaining some modest traction (temporarily). Title IX revolutionized female participation in sports; passed as a rider to the Education Amendments of the Civil Rights Act. Title IX said that schools that get federal money (almost all of them) have to spend equal money on women/ girls. This meant that athletic programs now had to support women teams and participation. Once this bill and its implications were noticed it made some people uneasy and there were arguments that it would cause women to become mannish (Stansell, 285-7). [LP] |
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Term
| Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-Extended protection of Title 7 from Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Extended to federal employees
Extended the protections of Title VII to public employees and strengthened federal enforcement and protections powers. Title VII extended the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 which barred discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, national origin, and sex to public employees. |
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Term
| Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| Ensured women access to credit cards, bank loans, and mortgages. These were resources previously denied because of prejudice of lending agencies and because of coverture. (LC) |
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Term
| Women’s Educational Equity Act (1974)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-Provides federal funds for increasing sex equality in schools
-For all institutions of all grade levels (A.Sanchez)
The Women’s Educational Equity Act was tacked on as a ride on an omnibus education bill. It provided federal money for projects creating sexual equality in schools and universities, including training teachers (i.e. retraining them out of habitual sexist practices), improving girls’ success in math/science, and encouraging the newly minted field of women’s studies. This act set up programs that encouraged girls to go into engineering and science and injected women’s studies with doses of government money. The increase of opportunity for girls in science and math was non-controversial. The funding for the development of women studies centers and programs on education campuses, however, was extremely controversial. The act resulted in a subtle shift of women’s capacity and women performing in a’l the new capacities. (LC) |
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Term
| Reed v. Reed (1971)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-Idaho statue that gave men a privilege
-First time that it recognized sex discrimination as a violation of the equal protection law (EP) |
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Term
| Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-First instance in which the supreme court applied a higher standard of scrutiny in a gender based
-it was requiring courts to use these standards (EP)
This was the first instance in which the Supreme Court applied a higher standard of scrutiny (heightened scrutiny) to gender based classification. It fashioned a new intermediate scrutiny and required the lower courts to follow a standard in sex discrimination cases. It addressed the gender based preference in assignment of employment benefits of dependents of military officers - the only people previously considered as dependent spouses were women. (LC) |
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Term
| Roe v. Wade (1973)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-7 to 2 majority that extended the Griswold decision to a women to whether or not to terminate a pregnancy.
-Women’s right to choose is not absolute.
-Blackman instituted the trimester law
-The Court deemed abortion a fundamental right under the United States Constitution, thereby subjecting all laws attempting to restrict it to the standard of strict scrutiny. (EP)
Roe v. Wade held that a Texas statute banning abortion violated women’s constitutional right to privacy. It recognized that a fundamental right to privacy existed in a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. An all-male court brought the power of the Constitution to affirm what by then was a passionately sought goal of the women’s movement. Radicals had a lukewarm reaction to Roe and at the time, it seemed like a modest decision. The opinion was written by justice Harry Blackman, who was a progressive and excellent consensus builder. Roe was passed with a 7-2 majority. Blackman wrote that is a woman’s right to choose was not absolution. States could restrict a woman’s right to choose. He insisted that a balance needs to be struck between a woman’s desire to enter pregnancy and health of state (protecting the life of the mother). He instituted the trimester system and allowed sources to associate different rules with different trimesters. It was a way to build consensus in court. That created an essential vulternatibilty to the case.(LC) |
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Term
| Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-Allowed unmarried women the use of birth control (A. Sanchez)
Extension of Griswold decision where the court found that the state could not “prohibit the distribution of contraceptives to unmarried people”. Stansell writes that the Griswold decision had made access to birth control easier to everyone and helped establish privacy writes, but it was this case that made it illegal to deny unmarried people birth control. (Stansell, 316) [LP]
National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws (NARAL)- uses various tactics to lobby for liberalized access to abortion, both in the US and elsewhere. It sponsors lawsuits, donates money to politicians supportive of abortion rights through its PAC, and organizes its members to contact its members to contact members of Congress and urge them to support NARAL’s positions. df.
A consolidation of reformers in 1969 that were working against a strong Catholic opposition to try and get the ban on abortion lifted in different states. They focused on New York state because of its political climate and relative strength of liberals in its legislature. NARAL used a “careful, patient lobbying strategy” and it worked as New York was the first state to legalize abortion. Thousands of women travelled to New York between 1970-73 to get abortions and Alaska and Hawaii were the next states to follow New York. (Stansell, 322) [LP] |
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Term
| Hyde Amendment (1976)- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
a legislative provision barring the use of certain federal funds to pay for abortions with exceptions for incest and rape. It is not a permanent law, rather it is a "rider" that, in various forms, has been routinely attached to annual appropriations bills since 1976. The Hyde Amendment applies only to funds allocated by the annual appropriations bill for the Department of Health and Human Services. It primarily affects Medicaid.
Opponents of the amendment assert that it unfairly targets low-income women, stating the amendment effectively ended the provision of abortions for low-income women through Medicaid. df |
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Term
| Phyllis Schlafly - Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
-wrote “What’s Wrong with Equal Rights?”
-expressed strong opposition to the passage of ERA
-Argued that American women were the most privileged (due to “family as the basic unit of society” and women financially benefit from chivalry
-Effects of her article: Opposition to the passage of ERA grew which eventually prevented the passage of the act (A. Sanchez)
Phyllis Schlafly helped build the Republican Right and was strongly against the ERA She argues that feminism will hurt homemakers and that the greatest accomplishment of women's rights was the institution of family. Schlafly believed that children were a mother’s best social security, guaranteeing social benefits such as old age pension and unemployment compensation, and physical, financial, and emotional security of the home. She insisted that American women didn’t need “equal rights” because they are so much better off than women in other countries: they live in civilization that respects family as the basic unit of society, they are beneficiaries of a tradition that respects women, and the American free enterprise system produced technology made housework easier. Schlafly believed that American women aren’t downtrodden and unfairly treated because women never had it so good and they already have a status of special privilege. To her, women’s liberation was an assault on the role of American women as wife and mother and on family as the basic unit of society. “Libbers” were simply trying to make wives and mothers unhappy with their careers. (LC) |
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Term
| Stop ERA- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| Organization founded by Phyllis Schlafly in 1972, she took issue as a ‘traditional housewife’ that feminists claimed to speak for “universal needs and rights”. She attacked feminists for being an “aberration” and for trying to destroy family, marriage, and children. She was working during the Cold War era and the Presidency of Nixon and her work often connected the idea of “godless feminism along with godless communism”. The organization relied on very traditional and religious women from the working and lower middle classes and inundated legislatures with warnings about the harmful impacts of the ERA. The Stop ERA movement was important in rerouting the Republican parties previous support of the ERA and made outlandish claims about what the passage of the ERA would mean for the traditional family and women’s roles. Helped lead to the demise of the ERA in 1982. (Stansell, 338-343) [LP] |
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Term
| Catharine MacKinnon - Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| American feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist. Areas of focus: sexual harassment, pornography, and international work. Argued that sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination and helped eliminate sexual harassment in the workplace. df |
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Term
| Andrea Dworkin - Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| American radical feminist and writer best known for her criticism of pornography, which she argued was linked to rape and other forms of violence against women. Gained national fame during the late 70s and the 80s as a spokeswoman for the feminist anti-pornography movement, and for her writing on pornography and sexuality. |
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Term
| Model Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance- Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| aka the Dworkin-MacKinnon Antipornograpy Civil Rights Ordinance is a name for several proposed local ordinances in the US. Closely associated with Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon who proposed to treat pornography as a violation of women’s civil rights, and to allow women harmed by pornography to seek damages through a lawsuit in civil court. Versions of the ordinance were passed in several cities in the US during the 80s, but were blocked by city officials and struck down by courts, who found it to violate First Amendment free speech. |
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Term
| Moral Majority - Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| prominent American political organization associated with the Christian right. It was founded in 1979 and dissolved in the late 1980s. Sought to mobilize conservative Americans on issues including: censorship of media outlets that promote an “anti-family” agenda, enforcement of a traditional vision of family life, opposition to the ERA, opposition and state recognition and acceptance of homosexual acts, the outlawing of abortion in all cases, even to save a woman’s life, and the targeting Jews and other non-Christians for conversion to conservative Christianity. |
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Term
| Family and Medical Leave Act (1993) - Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| a federal law requiring covered employers to provide employees job- protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons, including personal or family illness, family military leave, pregnancy, adoption, or the foster care placement of a child. The bill was major part of President Clintion’s agenda in his first term. |
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Term
| Violence Against Women Act (1994 - Establishing the Legal Foundations for Sex Equality |
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Definition
| a federal law that provided 1.6 billion dollars toward investigation and prosecution of violent crimes against women, imposed automatic and mandatory restitution on those convicted, and allowed civil redress in cases prosecutors chose to leave unprosecuted. |
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Term
| Promise Keepers - Anti-Feminist Backlash |
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Definition
| an international conservative Christian organization for men. It is self-described as "a Christ-centered organization dedicated to introducing men to Jesus Christ as their Savior and Lord, helping them to grow as Christians." NOW has expressed the view that the Promise Keepers pose a threat to women’s rights. NOW alleges that the group encourages inequality within marriages and teaches a doctrine of male superiority. NOW is against the Promise keepers because it is a “masculinity project aimed at restoring or claiming a ‘traditional’ male role for privileged white, heterosexual males.” |
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Term
| metrosexual - Anti-Feminist Backlash |
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Definition
term applied to urban, consumerist men who place importance on maintaining their appearance; typically delegate significant time/energy to do so
coined in The Independent in 1994 referring to single men with “high disposable income” who were considered a burgeoning consumer market |
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Term
| Carol Gilligan - Anti-Feminist Backlash |
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Definition
| an American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist best known for her work with and against Lawrence Kohlberg on ethical community and ethical relationships, and certain subject-object problems in ethics. |
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Term
| Anita Hill - Anti-Feminist Backlash |
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Definition
| came to national attention in 1991 when she testified against then-President George H. W. Bush’s Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas for sexual harassment he reportedly perpetrated while at the Department of Education; Thomas was nevertheless accepted to the court and became its second African American member (considered one of the more conservative members of the court) |
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Term
| Pro-Choice March on Washington (1992) - Anti-Feminist Backlash |
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Definition
| pro-choice (regarding abortion) march spurred by fears that a. the Supreme Court might uphold an addition to Pennsylvania state law which limited access to abortions and/or b. overturn Roe v. Wade; hundreds of thousands of pro-choice advocates attended the march; the Supreme Court did not endorse the Pennsylvania law |
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Term
| Emily’s List - Anti-Feminist Backlash |
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Definition
| PAC (political action committee) created in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democrats to representative offices |
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Term
| “Year of the Woman” - Anti-Feminist Backlash |
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Definition
| Popular label attached to 1992 after the election of a number of female Senators in the US. |
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Term
| Lawrence v. Texas (2003) - Sex, Gender, and Family |
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Definition
·Vote 5-4
·The authors built a compelling case
·Nothing like homosexuality
·Lawrence explicitly overruled Bowers, holding that it had viewed the liberty interest too narrowly (EP) |
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Term
| Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) - Sex, Gender, and Family |
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Definition
·vote 6-3
·The court was refusing the right to privacy
·This law was overturned by Georgia
·Imprisonment for not less than one and nor more then 20 years
·the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults when applied to homosexuals
·the right to private sexual conduct.
·Justice Byron White, argued that the Constitution did not confer "a fundamental right to engage in homosexual sodomy."
·Chief Justice Warren E. Burger cited the "ancient roots" of prohibitions against homosexual sex, quoting William Blackstone's description of homosexual sex as an "infamous crime against nature", worse than rape, and "a crime not fit to be named."
·This law has to be upheld based ancient roots not target of
·Harry Blackmun, framed the issue as revolving around the right to privacy (EP) |
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Term
| Romer v. Evans (1996) - Sex, Gender, and Family |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court struck down a Colorado state constitutional amendment, “Amendment 2”, that prohibited all levels of state government from granting special protections to homosexuals. |
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Term
| Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (1996) - Sex, Gender, and Family |
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Definition
-a United States federal law that defines marriage as the legal union of one man and one woman for federal and inter-state recognition purposes in the United States
-Romer v evans a Colorado states constitution amendment,
Banned any protective legislation that would benefit lesbians or gays
Reaches the supreme court and they decided that this violate the equal protection law (EP) |
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Term
| Proposition 8 (2008) - Sex, Gender, and Family |
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Definition
-Response to the passage of proposition 22
This used the voter initiative process
The law violated the equal protection law
-This measure shall be noted as the California marriage protection act
-Only marriage between a man and a woman shall be recognized.
-52.3 to 47.7
-Please vote YES on Proposition 8 to RESTORE the meaning of marriage.
-Hollingsworth v perry
-Washington, Maryland, and Maine
-Now is legal in 9 states (EP) |
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Term
| Perry v. Brown (2012) - Sex, Gender, and Family |
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Definition
| A three judge appellate panel of the Ninth Circuit held that California's Proposition 8, a 2008 ballot initiative that amended the state constitution to restrict marriage to opposite-sex couples, was unconstitutional. (wikipedia) (CR) |
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Term
| anorexia nervosa (bulimia nervosa as well) - Fashioning Gendered Bodies in the New Millennium |
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Definition
| the point I would remember about anorexia is that anorexia is caused by advertisements and the over emphasized hegemonic feminine beauty ideals( i.e. being skinny, think pictures of skinny models, fit women) In other words there is only one way to be beautiful and that is if you are a super skinny model. Another thing to take into consideration is that women are driven to anorexia because western society has a fat prejudice and intolerance of a diversity of sizes and shapes that may drive women and girls to extreme behaviors to avoid being discriminated. Other causes could be sexual or physical abuse, oppression, discrimination, harassment, violence or trauma.(JC) |
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Term
| pro-anorexia (pro-ana)((pro-bulimia as well)) - Fashioning Gendered Bodies in the New Millennium |
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Definition
| Pro-anorexia websites are a genre of websites disseminating information about eating disorders, primarily anorexia nervousa, and providing girls and women with a forum to discuss and share information about ana. The purpose of the sites are to support those struggling with an eating disorder, and provide a space, free from judgment where they can share ideas and offer encouragement to those who are not yet ready to recover. Some mistakenly think that these sites promote anorexia but they do not. They show images that highlight the glaringly contradictory messages women receive about appearance and their bodies. These sites caused a huge uproar and many were shut down. Mainstream media usually argues that these sites promote a deadly disease.(JC) |
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Term
| body dysmorphic disorder - Fashioning Gendered Bodies in the New Millennium |
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Definition
| Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD, also body dysmorphia, dysmorphic syndrome; originally dysmorphophobia) is a type of mental illness, a somatoform disorder, wherein the affected person is concerned with body image, manifested as excessive concern about and preoccupation with a perceived defect of their physical features. The person complains of a defect in either one feature or several features of their body; or vaguely complains about their general appearance, which causes psychological distress that causes clinically significant distress or impairs occupational or social functioning. Often BDD co-occurs with emotional depression and anxiety, social withdrawal or social isolation.(internet)(JC)(internet) |
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Term
| muscle dysmorphia - Fashioning Gendered Bodies in the New Millennium |
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Definition
| this happens in boys, caused by males trying to fit into masculine ideal set by society. “Muscle dysmorphia or bigorexia is a disorder in which a person becomes obsessed with the idea that they are not muscular enough.[1] Those who suffer from muscle dysmorphia tend to hold delusions that they are "skinny" or "too small" but are often above average in musculature. Sometimes referred to as reverse anorexia nervosa, or the Adonis Complex, muscle dysmorphia is a very specific type of body dysmorphic disorder.” (JC)(internet) |
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Term
| Adonis Complex - Fashioning Gendered Bodies in the New Millennium |
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Definition
| Again caused by men trying to fit into male sterotypes. “The term "Adonis Complex" is not a medical term. It is being utilized to describe a variety of body image concerns which have been plaguing boys and men especially through the last decade. It does not describe any one body image problem of men, rather all the distortions collectively.The term was extracted from Greek mythology which depicted Adonis as half man and half god who was considered the ultimate in masculine beauty. Adonis' body, according to sixteenth-century perspectives, was representative of the ultimate in male physique. According to mythology so beautiful was his body that he won the love of Aphrodite, queen of all gods.”(JC)(internet) |
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Term
| androgenic - Fashioning Gendered Bodies in the New Millennium |
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Definition
| anabolic steroids- used by boys to get larger muscles so that they can fit onto male stereotypes of the ripped man.(JC) |
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Term
| Bust: (1993) - Youth Cultures and the Negotiation of Gender in Contemporary America |
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Definition
| Third Wave Feminism magazine who acted as the “oldest daughter” to Ms. |
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Term
| Riot Grrrls - Youth Cultures and the Negotiation of Gender in Contemporary America |
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Definition
| represents impulse to identify as Third wave feminism; they represent what liberation means to the wave (A.Sanchez) |
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Term
| Bitch - Youth Cultures and the Negotiation of Gender in Contemporary America |
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Definition
| Third Wave Feminism magazine; seen as the “youngest daughter” to the 2nd wave feminist magazine Ms; its name is an attempt to reshape words that are derogatory to women and “own it” but the magazine did not appeal to many women because of the name (mg) |
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Term
| Sassy - Youth Cultures and the Negotiation of Gender in Contemporary America |
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Definition
Teen magazine
1987 Ms was left in the hands of Yates and Summers, however they were more focused on their magazine Sassy.
Christian Right groups banned Sassy, because of its sex talk.Which caused Ms and Sassy to go down.
Ms. competitor, Working Woman, bought both magazines, making Sassy “lite” and Ms. adless and journal-like magazine
Sassy readers felt a special connection to the staff members. The staff used their first names in print and included office gossip and encouraged their readers to be feminist.
Sassy eventually lost its feminist edge. [EP] |
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Term
| global feminism - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
heavily sponsored and underwritten by U.S. feminists and foundations, was from the American point of view a triumph in an otherwise vexed and clouded period.
Global feminism was a creature of globalization, a shorthand for the acceleration of capital and labor flows and neoliberal economic policies around the world, beginning in the 1980s.
The term “global feminism” was coined in the age of Reagan, appearing in the title of a 1983 workshop in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, on international “sexual slavery.”
Global feminism implicitly required participation from women of the Third World— or “the global South,” a term.
Global feminist optimism bounded around the world, in part sponsored by American universities, foundations, and church groups, who provided major funding for conferences, collaborations, university fellowships, student internships and exchanges, and visiting lecturers. |
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Term
| UN World Conferences on Women - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
meetings brought together thousands and created international networks of reformers.
Six thousand participants met in Mexico City; the Nairobi conference drew fifteen thousand; and the gargantuan meeting in Beijing capped off the series with some thirty thousand attending. Regional and topical meetings to assess progress punctuated the years between conferences.
Two streams of women flowed into the meetings. One was an emerging class of experts, government officials, and bureaucrats devoted to pursuing and documenting women’s issues.
After Mexico City, the U.N. began to require member states to file periodic reports on the status of women. |
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Term
| microfinance - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
A women’s microfinance bank in India observed that “if a woman earns 100 rupees, 90 rupees goes into mouths and medicine and schoolbooks for children; with a man only 40 rupees comes back.”
Emphasis on women’s access to markets came the vogue for microfinance, which began in the 1990s, funding banks that would give minute loans to impoverished borrowers to support cash-producing ventures— small businesses, workshops, farms— on the strength of guarantees given by NGOs and women’s cooperatives.[EP] |
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Term
| Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
Acted as a “World Bill of Rights for Women” (Stansell); Addresses equal rights in the workplace, men’s participation in the maintenance of the home and children, and the whole range of classic demand for women’s rights (equal pay and education, right to divorce and custody of children, etc); makes suggestions of national action; Has no enforcement mechanism; Capacity to give an international statement for the equality of women; Raises gender equality issues that would otherwise not be discussed
Weaknesses of CEDAW: Countries can “pick out” parts they do not agree with (reservation of countries); any implementation is voluntary and the government needs to record such actions so it is known that it is being implemented (mg) |
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Term
| Vienna Declaration (1993) - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
| Unlike CEDAW because it is not a treaty/convention; a statement of values about female rights; desires full and equal protection of women in all aspects of society; calls for international committee to end sex discrimination; Desires women to enter into politics (mg) |
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Term
| Global Report on Women’s Human Rights (1995) - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
| Human Rights Watch compiled a massive 1995 Global Report on Women’s Human Rights, which laid out a dreadful array of violations: girls forced to undergo virginity exams (Turkey), rape used as a weapon of war (Bosnia, Somalia, Kashmir, Peru), sexual trafficking (Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma), states with no laws against domestic abuse or informally condoning it (Russia, South Africa), and wife murder (Brazil). [EP] |
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Term
| International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
| a body of the UN established in 1993 to prosecute serious crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal is an ad hoc court which is located in The Hague, the Netherlands. The council has jurisdiction over four clusters of crimes committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crimes against humanity. df |
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Term
| International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
| international court established in November 1994 by the UN Security Council in order to judge people responsible for the Rwandan Genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda. df |
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Term
| International Criminal Court (ICC) - Gender and Politics in National and International Context |
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Definition
| a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. As this month (December 2012), 121 states are states parties to the Statue of the Court and a further 32 countries, including Russia, have signed but not ratified the Rome Statute, the treaty that founded it. df |
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