Term
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Definition
| A dynamic social process by which new styles are accepted by a mass majority of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A distinctive characteristic of a garment (e.g., maxi skirt) or a distinctive way of expression (e.g., goth). |
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Term
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Definition
| Any tangible or material object connected to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The total composite image created by the human body and any modifications, embellishments or coverings visually perceived. A visual context that includes the clothing and body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any decoration or alteration of the body's appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Style of clothing or adornment that belongs to a particular social or historical context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Total arrangement of all outwardly detectable modifications to the body and all material objects added to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of altering or adding to appearance (implies intentional modification). |
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Term
| Dress differs from appearance in that |
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Definition
| it is the contemplation and intentional modification of the body, while appearance is a composite of intentional and unintentional characteristics of the body (e.g., face shape). |
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Term
| Define appearance management. |
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Definition
| A social act whereby we convey meanings of our appearance. |
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Term
| Define appearance perception. |
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Definition
| A social act whereby we evaluate the appearance of others. |
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Term
| Dress is a human behavior in that it |
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Definition
| is a social tool that provides us with an active form of outward self-representation and a visual standard by which we evaluate others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The accumulation of shared meanings, rituals, norms, and traditions among the members of an organization or society. |
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Term
| Identify 5 characteristics of culture. |
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Definition
1. Culture is a system of behavior patterns
2. Culture is learned
3. Culture is not static, but evolving
4. Culture characterizes members of a society
5. Culture is a complex whole |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of other cultures. |
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Term
| Culture is an important aspect to consumer behavior because |
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Definition
| consumption choices cannot be understood without cultural context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller groups within larger culture/society. A "mini-culture" generally having distinct characteristics that differ from mainstream culture and can have an impact on mainstream culture. Examples include hippie, punk and goth. |
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Term
| Identify the 3 things which culture is comprised of. |
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Definition
1. Mentifacts (what people know)
2. Sociofacts (what people do)
3. Artifacts (what people make) |
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Term
| Define cultural relativism. |
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Definition
| Seeking to understand consumption as it has meaning to an "insider" of a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Judgement of people of other cultures by one's own cultural standards and beliefs. Ethnocentrism should be avoided. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arising from a complex mix of cultures, groups and selves (such as in the diverse United States). |
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Term
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Definition
| Acceptance of differences in others and/or mutual respect among various groups in a culture. |
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Term
| Identify 4 dimensions of cultural variability. |
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Definition
1. Power distance (the way in which interpersonal relationships are formed when power differences are perceived)
2. Uncertainty avoidance (the degree to which people fear ambiguous situations)
3. Masculinity/Femininity (the degree to which sex roles are clearly delineated)
4. Individualism/Collectivism (The degree to which people prioritize their own goals over the goals of the group) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules dictating what is wrong, acceptable or unacceptable in a culture. |
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Term
| Identify 2 types of norms. |
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Definition
1. Enacted norms (norms explicitly decided on, such as green means go)
2. Crescive norms (norms embedded in a culture) |
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Term
| Identify 3 variations of a crescive norm. |
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Definition
1. Custom (a norm handed down from the past which controls basic behaviors, such as choosing to wear a white wedding dress)
2. More (a norm with a strong moral overtone, such as amount of exposed skin)
3. Convention (a norm regarding the conduct of everyday life, such as button placement on male/female shirts) |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of multiple, symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and that tend to be repeated periodically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Items worn during transitional and important times in our lives, such as graduation robes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences of behaviors that aid in the transition from the private self to the public self. |
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Term
| Explain a gift-giving ritual. |
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Definition
| A consumer will procure the perfect object, meticulously remove the price tag and carefully wrap it before delivering it to the receiver. |
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Term
| Identify 2 variations of gift-giving rituals. |
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Definition
1. Economic exchange (the giver transfers an item of value to the recipient who is in turn somehow obligated to reciprocate)
2. Symbolic exchange (when a giver wants to acknowledge intangible support and companionship to a recipient) |
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Term
| Sacred and profane consumption differ in that |
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Definition
| sacred consumption involves objects set apart from normal activities and are treated with some degree of respect and awe, while profane consumption involves consumer objects and events that are ordinary, mundane objects with little 'specialness'. |
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Term
| Sacralization occurs when |
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Definition
| ordinary objects, events and even people take on sacred meaning to a culture or specific group within a culture. |
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Term
| Desacralization occurs when |
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Definition
| a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities (thereby becoming profane). |
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Term
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Definition
| A perspective focusing on commonalities across cultures (an insider perspective). |
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Term
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Definition
| A perspective stressing variation across cultures (an outsider perspective). |
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Term
| Global marketers should adopt an(emic/etic) perspective. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define cultural borrowing. |
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Definition
| The use of symbols that are meaningful to other cultures, such as wearing a Indian bindi as a fashion statement. |
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Term
| Define postmodernism generally. |
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Definition
| A body of critical theory about the nature of contemporary/consumer society. |
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Term
| The postmodern era is generally believed to span |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify 3 characteristics of postmodern culture. |
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Definition
1. Society is undergoing noticeable and dramatic changes, with values and beliefs becoming increasingly ambiguous
2. Emerging assumptions and norms illustrate a break from the past
3. Practices evolving from emerging assumptions and norms dramatically alter social life |
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Term
| The theory of postmodernism asserts that |
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Definition
| a modern era existed previously and that postmodernism represents a break with, reaction against and challenge to modernist assumptions. |
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Term
| Identify 3 characteristics of modern culture. |
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Definition
1. Began in the 18th century with the enlightenment
2. Logic/reason was considered to be the basis for authority and understanding
3. Encompasses the scientific revolution |
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Term
| Identify 12 characteristics of modern fashion. |
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Definition
1. New styles visibly indicate progress
2. Fashion cycles change rhythmically
3. Defined by a system of rules
4. Emphasis on unity/harmony
5. Elite fashion inspires mass fashion
6. Fashion originates with designers
7. Few styles are popular at a given time
8. Ethnic and subcultural differences are suppressed
9. Emphasis on simplicity and functionality
10. Symbolic meanings clear
11. Cultural categories encoded in dress
12. Morally traditional assumptions about how garments should be worn |
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Term
| Identify 12 characteristics of postmodern fashion. |
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Definition
1. Many diverse styles popular
2. Highlighting diversity and difference
3. Emphasis on adornment and decoration
4. Concerned with fashion for fashion's sake
5. Categories distorted and intentionally confused
6. Challenge to traditional ways
7. Styles recycled from past
8. Volatile and accelerated rate of fashion cycle change
9. Challenge to aesthetic code
10. Emphasis on eclectic combinations
11. Collapse of distinction between mass and elite fashions
12. Fashion originates in "streets" |
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Term
| Identify 4 critiques of the postmodern era. |
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Definition
1. Postmodernism is partly defines by cultural borrowing which can cause confusion and desacralization, whereby a culture loses its meaning.
2. Promotes commodification, the borrowing of cultural expressions from less powerful groups to make a profit(e.g., hip-hop style)
3. Garments and other crafts are highly consumed and highly cheap, whereby causing their desacralization and the exploitation of foreign workers |
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Term
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Definition
| New objects created from old ones, eclectic mixing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subtle and coercive force shaping perceptions of the world that sustain dominant groups (white men are still very powerful in today's society). YES I'M TALKIN TO YOU FOOL |
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Term
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Definition
| The increasing opportunity for more output- output for the sake of more. |
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Term
| Fashion leadership theories are divided into |
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Definition
| sociological, economic and psychological models of fashion. |
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Term
| Identify 3 sociological models of fashion. |
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Definition
1. Trickle down (fashion diffuses downward from superordinate to subordinate groups)
2. Trickle across (fashion diffuses horizontally among members of the same social group)
3. Trickle up (fashion originates with the lower class first) |
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Term
| Identify 4 economic models of fashion. |
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Definition
1. Conspicuous consumption (the wealthy consume to display their prosperity)
2. Parody display (upscale consumers deliberately adopt low-status or inexpensive products)
3. Prestige exclusivity (high prices still create high demand)
4. Snob effect (whereby lower prices actually reduce demand) |
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Term
| Identify 2 psychological models of fashion. |
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Definition
1. Motivational approach (individuals are motivated to self-express)
2. Shifting of erogenous zones (suggests sexual attraction is the key factor in changing fashions) |
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Term
| Explain collective selection theory. |
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Definition
| The theory of fashion diffusion whereby individuals (in numbers) choose from competing styles that are in tune with emergent tastes. |
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Term
| Collective selection may serve to |
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Definition
| help postindustrial societies cope with rapid change and allow consumers to cast a ballot in the marketplace. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Identify 3 functions of fashion asserted by the collective selection theory. |
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Definition
1. Symbolically provides individuals with a mechanism for detaching from the past
2. Allows people to deal with stresses of rapid social change by providing control and belonging
3. Prepare people for the immediate future by providing a sense of anticipation for emerging issues and taste |
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Term
| According to collective selection, fashion can act as |
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Definition
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Term
| Define cultural production system (CPS). |
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Definition
| The set of individuals and organizations responsible for creating and marketing a cultural product. |
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Term
| Identify 3 components of CPS. |
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Definition
1. Creative subsystem (designers, generate new symbols)
2. Managerial (marketers, make symbols tangible and sellable)
3. Communications (ad agencies, add meaning to the product) |
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Term
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Definition
| "tastemakers" responsible for filtering the overflow of information and materials intended for consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of agents which serve as gatekeepers, such as Women's Wear Daily |
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Term
| Identify 3 aspects of art. |
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Definition
1. Viewed primarily as an object of aesthetic contemplation with no functional value
2. Associated with high culture; elite
3. Created by an artist |
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Term
| Identify 3 aspects of craft. |
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Definition
1. Admired for how well it performs its function
2. Associated with low culture; masses
3. Created by an artisan |
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Term
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Definition
| Any product or service consumers perceive to be new. |
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Term
| Describe the 5 steps of diffusion of innovation. |
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Definition
1. Knowledge (consumer gains information about innovation; awareness without judgement)
2. Persuasion (consumer begins to form opinion about innovation relative to perceived risk)
3. Decision (consumer elects to adopt/reject innovation)
4. Implementation (consumer puts innovation to use)
5. Confirmation (consumer seeks reinforcement of the innovation decision) |
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Term
| Identify 4 innovation adopters. |
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Definition
1. Innovator (pioneers of novel developments and new offerings)
2. Early adopters (similar to innovators with higher degree of concern for social acceptance)
3. Late adopters (consumers interested in new things, but intimidated by that which is too new)
4. Laggards (consumers slow to pick up new products... YIKES!) |
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Term
| Define symbolic innovation. |
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Definition
| An innovation which communicates a new social meaning. Fashion is generally in the realm of symbolic innovation. |
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Term
| Define technological innovation. |
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Definition
| An innovation involving some functional change. |
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Term
| Continuous change refers to |
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Definition
| modification of an existing product. |
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Term
| Dynamically continuous change refers to |
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Definition
| a more pronounced modification of an existing product. |
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Term
| Discontinuous innovation refers to |
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Definition
| a major change in the way we live. |
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Term
| Identify 5 prerequisites for successful innovation adoption. |
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Definition
1. Compatibility (innovation is compatible with consumer lifestyle)
2. Trialability (innovation can be experimented or sampled first)
3. Complexity (product is low in complexity)
4. Observability (consumer is aware of the innovation)
5. Relative advantage (innovation offers relative advantage over alternatives) |
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Term
| Define ethnic subculture. |
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Definition
| Group of individuals held together by common cultural and/or genetic ties and is identified as both by its members and by others as a distinguishable category. |
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Term
| Identify 2 ways ethnic subcultures cope with hegemony. |
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Definition
1. Bicultural socialization (functioning in two distinct cultures)
2. Emulation of the dominant group (acting "white") |
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Term
| Identify 3 major ethnic subcultures in the US and the percentage of US population they comprise. |
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Definition
1. African-American (13%)
2. Hispanic/Latino (14%)
3. Asian-American (4%) |
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Term
| Identify 6 cultural/consumer aspects of Hispanics. |
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Definition
1. Average age group of 24 is younger than American average (34)
2. Larger family size
3. Emphasis on family unit, rituals and celebration
4. Tend to be brand loyal
5. Geographically concentrate in urban areas
6. Spend more money and time shopping than average American |
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Term
| African women spend up to 3 times as much money on |
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Definition
| hair care products than the average consumer. |
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Term
| Research indicates that Spanish advertising |
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Definition
| is more effective than English advertising. |
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Term
| Identify 7 cultural/consumer aspects of Asian- Americans. |
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Definition
1. Most affluent with highest level of education among all groups
2. Tend to save more money and borrow less than average
3. Are technically oriented and brand aware
4. But online more than other groups
5. Span high cultural diversity within the overarching group
6. More willing to pay full price
7. Not as brand loyal as other groups |
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Term
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Definition
| The process or movement and adaption to one country's cultural environment by a person from another country- it is an ongoing process. |
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Term
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Definition
| The endpoint of acculturation in which values and behavioral patterns of majority society are fully internalized. |
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Term
| Define acculturation agents. |
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Definition
| People or institutions that teach the way of a culture, e.g., school, media, etc. |
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Term
| The progressive learning model assumes that |
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Definition
| people will gradually learn a new culture as they increasingly come into contact with it. |
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Term
| Identify 4 stages of acculturation. |
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Definition
1. Adoption of technical patterns (such as hygiene norms or technology usage)
2. Adoption of aesthetic patterns (such as certain fashions)
3. Adoption of ritualistic patterns (such as celebrations or holidays)
4. Adoption of moral patterns (such as core values and social distinctions) |
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