Term
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Definition
emphasized growht potential of healthy people
- used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth |
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Definition
view that psychology
1) should be an objective science that
2) studies behavior without reference to mental processses
- most scientists agree with (1) but not (2) |
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Definition
| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Definition
- longstanding controversy over relative contributions that genes and experience make to development of psychological traits and behaviors
- today, science sees interaction between the two |
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Definition
| differening complementary views (biological/psychological/social-cultural) |
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Definition
| pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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Definition
| aims to solve practical problems |
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Definition
| assists people with problems in living (school/work/marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
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Definition
| branch of psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide med treatment and psychological therapy |
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Definition
study method 5 steps:
1) Survey 2) Question 3) Read 4) Rehearse 5) Review |
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Definition
| tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (I-knew-it-all-along) |
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Definition
-thinking that does not blindly accept arguments
-examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, assesses conclusions |
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Definition
explanation using an integrated set of principles
- organizes observations
- predicts behaviors or events |
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Definition
| testable prediction (implied by theory) |
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Definition
| statement of procedures (operations used to define research variables |
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Definition
- repeating the essence of a research study
- usually different participants/situations
- see whether basic findings extends to other participants/circumstances |
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Definition
| one person studied in depth to reveal universal principles |
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Definition
| technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample |
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Definition
| all cases ina group, from which samples may be drawn to study |
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Definition
| sample that fairly represents a population b/c each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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Definition
| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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Definition
- measure of the extent to which two factors vary together
- how well either factor predicts the other |
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Definition
| perception of a correlation where none exists |
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Definition
- research method --> investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable
- random assignment of participants, experimenter aims to control relevant factors |
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Term
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Definition
- assigning research participants to experimental and control conditions by chance
- minimizes pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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Definition
| -both research participants and research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received treatment or placebo |
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Definition
- experimental results caused by expectations alone
- any effect on behavior caused by administration of an inert substance or condition, assumed to be an active agent |
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Definition
| group exposed to the treatment, one version of the independent variable |
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Definition
| group that contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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Definition
- experimental factor that is being manipulated
- variable |
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Definition
-outcome factor
- variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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Definition
| enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| concerned w/link between biology and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell; basic building block of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
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Term
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Definition
| neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axmon |
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Term
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Definition
| level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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Term
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Definition
junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
- synaptic gap/cleft |
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Term
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Definition
- chemical messengers that transverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
- released by the sending of neuron-->travels across synapse--> binds to receptor sites on receiving neuron
- influences whether that neuron will generation a neural impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasue |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous to the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
- neural "cables" containing many axmons
- connect CNS w/ muscles and glands and sense organs |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system (afferent) |
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Term
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Definition
| carry outgoing info from the CNS to the muscles and the glands (effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS neurons that internally communicated and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
part of th PNS that controls glands and muscles of the internal organs
- sympathetic arouses
- parasympathetic calms |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
- div. of autonomic
- arouses body
- mobilizes energy in stressful situations |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
- div. of autonomic
- calms body
- preserves energy |
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Term
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Definition
| simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus, such as kneejerk |
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Term
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Definition
-the body's "slow" chemical communication
- set of glands that secrets hormones into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
- chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by endocrine glands
- produced in one tissue
- affect another tissue |
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Term
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Definition
- pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys
- adrenals secrete the hormones:
- epinephrine (adrenaline)
- norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- help arouse body in times of stress |
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Term
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Definition
- most influential
-hypothalamus- regulates growth, controls other endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
-oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
- responsible for automatic survival functions |
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Term
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Definition
- base of brainstem
- controls heartbeat and breathing |
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Term
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Definition
- brain's switchboard- located on top of the brainstem
- directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve network in brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
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Term
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Definition
-"little brain" attached to the rear of brainstem
- functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance |
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Term
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Definition
-doughnut shaped system of neural structures below the cerebral hemispheres
- associated with emotions
- includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
-tissue destruction
- brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
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Term
| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
- amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface
- measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
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Term
| PET (positron emission tomography) |
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Definition
| - visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |
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Term
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
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Definition
- technique that uses magnetic fields and radiowaves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue
- allows us to see structures within the brain --> show brain anatomy |
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Term
| fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) |
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Definition
- technique for revealing blood flow, reveals brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
- show brain function |
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Term
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Definition
| - two lima bean sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion |
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Term
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Definition
neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities
- helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland
- linked to emotion |
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Term
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Definition
-portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead
- speaking, muscle movements
- making plans, judgments |
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Term
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Definition
portion of the cerebral cortex
- top of head towards rear
- receive sensory input for touch and body position |
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Term
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Definition
-lies at the back of the head
- visual areas- each receive information from the opposite visual field |
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Term
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Definition
-lies roughly above the ears
-auditory areas
- receive info primarily from the opposite ear |
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Term
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Definition
| area at the rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
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Term
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Definition
-areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions
- involved in higher mental functions
ex. learning, remembering, thinking, speaking |
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Term
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Definition
-impairment of language
-usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca's area or Wernicke's area |
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Term
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Definition
- controls language expression
- area of frontal lobe- usually left hemisphere
- directs muscle movements involved in speech |
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Term
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Definition
- controls language reception
- left temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
- brain's capacity for modification
- brain reorganization following damage |
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Term
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Definition
| large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which the brain's two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers connecting them |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
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Term
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Definition
- process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
- recognize meaningful objects and events |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory info |
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Term
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Definition
-info processing guided by higher-level mental processes
- construct perceptions drawing on experience and expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between phys char. of stimuli, and psychological experience of them |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| below one's threshold for conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations |
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Term
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Definition
minimum difference between two stimulus req. for detection 50% of the time
- experienced as Just Noticeable Difference |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that to be perceived as diff, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of next
- electromagnetic wavelengths vary from short blips of cosmic rays to long pulses of radio transmission |
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Term
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Definition
dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
-color names |
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Term
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Definition
- amount of energy in a light or soundwave
- perceives as a brightness or loudness
- determined by wave's amplitude |
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Term
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Definition
- light sensitive inner surface of the eye
- contains receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
-retinal receptors
-detect black, white, gray
-peripheral and twilight vision |
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Term
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Definition
-retinal receptors
- concentrated near center of retina
-function in daylight or well-lit conditions
-detect fine detail
-color sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve that carries neural impulse from the eye to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye
- no receptor cells located there |
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Term
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Definition
- central focal point in the retina
- eye cones cluster there |
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Term
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Definition
- nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus
- shape, angle, movements, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
- processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
- natural mode of info processing for many functions (vision)
- diff. from step by step (serial) processing of most computers and conscious problem solving |
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Term
| Young-Helmholtz trichomatic (three color) theory |
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Definition
- retina contains three diff color receptors
- most sensitive to red, green, blue
- stimulated in combination can produce perception of any color |
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Term
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Definition
-opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white black) enable color vision
- ex. cells stimulated by green and inhibited by red, while others stim. by red and inhibit. by green |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
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Term
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Definition
-tones experienced highness or lowness
-depends on frequency |
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Term
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Definition
-chamber between the eardrum and chochlea
-contains three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, stirrup
-concentrate vibrations of the eardrum on cochlea's oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
innermost part of the ear
- contains cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs |
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Term
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Definition
theory that spinal cord contains neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
- opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
- closed by activity in large fibers or info coming from the brain |
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Term
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Definition
-principle that one sense may influence another
- smell of food and taste |
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Term
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Definition
| system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance |
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Term
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Definition
-organized whole
-gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integreat pieces of info into meaningful wholes |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| perpetual tendency to organize stumuli into coherent groups |
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Term
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Definition
-ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional
- allow us to judge distance |
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Term
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Definition
| lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
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Term
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Definition
| depth cues, such as retinal disparity, depending on the use of two eyes |
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Term
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Definition
binocular cue for perceiving depth
- compare images from two eyeballs, brain computes difference- greater disparity between images, closer the objects |
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Term
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Definition
| depth cues (interposition, linear perspective) available to either eye alone |
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Term
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Definition
| perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent, color, shape, size, lightness, even as illumination and retinal images change |
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Term
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Definition
| perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters wavelengths reflected by the object |
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Term
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Definition
| in vision, ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental predisposition to percieve one thing and not the other |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that two events occur together |
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Term
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Definition
-type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
-neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for US
- Pavlovian, respondent conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
-in classical conditioning
- the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US
ex. salivation |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response |
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Term
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Definition
| learned response to previously neutral stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
- initial stage in classical conditioning
- phase associating a neutral stimulus w/an unconditional stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a US does not follow a CS |
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Term
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Definition
-classical conditioning
-reappearance, after a puse, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| learning that certain events (response/consequences in operant conditioning) occur together |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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Term
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Definition
(skinner box)
-bar/key device animal can manipulate to obtain food/water reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
-operant conditioning procedure
-reinforcers guide behavior towards closer approximation of desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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Term
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Definition
increases behavior by positive stimuli
- when presented, strengthens response |
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Term
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Definition
-increase behavior by stopping negative stimuli
- when removed strengthened response |
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Term
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Definition
| innately reinforcing stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
- reinforcing a response only part of the time
- slower acquisition, greater resistance to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforces after a response after a specified time has elapsed |
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Term
| variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| reinforces at unpredictable time intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases behavior that it follows |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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Term
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Definition
| desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
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Term
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Definition
| desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent change in an organism's experience due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent change in an organism's experience due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent change in an organism's experience due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent change in an organism's experience due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| observing and imitating a specific behavior |
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Term
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Definition
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or observing another doing so
- may enable actions or observing another doing so |
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Term
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Definition
| positive, constructive, helpful behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information |
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Term
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Definition
| processing of information into the memory system |
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Term
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Definition
| retention of encoded information over time |
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Term
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Definition
| process of getting information out of memory storage |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate, brief recording of sensory info in the memory system |
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Term
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Definition
| activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before info is stored or forgotten |
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Term
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Definition
relatively permanent.limitless storehouses of memory
-knowledge, skills, experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| active, conscious, processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info, and info retrieved from long-term |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious encoding of incidental information |
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Term
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Definition
| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious repetition of info, to maintain consciousness or encode for storage |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
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Term
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Definition
| our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list best |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organizing items into familiar manageable units |
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Term
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Definition
| momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| momentary sensory memory of auditory stimul |
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Term
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Definition
increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
- neural basis for learning and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| retention independent of conscious recollection (non-declarative memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (declarative) |
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Term
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Definition
| neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned |
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Term
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Definition
| assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
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Term
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Definition
| the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info |
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Term
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Definition
| disruptive effect on new learning on the recall of old info |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytic theory, basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
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Term
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Definition
| attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard, read, imagined |
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Term
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Definition
| our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| beginning at about 4 months, stage of speech dev. in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unreleated to the household language |
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Term
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Definition
| stage in speech development, age1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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Term
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Definition
| beginning at about age 2, stage child speaks mostly two word statements |
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Term
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Definition
| early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nounrs and verbs |
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Term
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Definition
| WHorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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Term
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Definition
| mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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Term
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Definition
| a general intelligence factor, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
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Term
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Definition
| person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores |
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Term
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Definition
-measure of intelligence test performed by Binet
-chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance |
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Term
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Definition
| widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test |
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Term
| intelligence quotient (IQ) |
|
Definition
defined as ratio of mental age (MA) to chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100 (IQ=ma/ca x 100)
-in the present, avg performance for a given age is assigned 100 |
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Term
| Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale |
|
Definition
most widely used intelligence test
- verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests |
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designed to predict a person's future performance
- aptitude- capacity to learn |
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| designed to assess what a person has learned |
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| defining meaningful scores by comparison w/the performance of a pretested standardization group |
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| symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes |
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| extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assesed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, alternate forms of the test, or retesting |
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| extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
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| extent to which a test samples behavior that is of interest |
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-success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
-assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
-criterion-related validity |
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proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
-heretability of a traint may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied |
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| self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
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