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| cell division producing 2 new cells with equal genetic material identical to the original cell |
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| Process by which the chromosomes are separated during the formation of gametes and their number reduced from diploid to haploid |
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prokaryotes: intact DNA molecule containing the genome Eukaryotes: DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic info arrangedi n a linear fashion |
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| one of the longitudinal subunits of a replicated chromosome joined to its sister chromatid at the centromer |
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| Product of a tetrad separtation at anaphase 1; consistes of 2 sister chromatids joined at the centromere |
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| 4 chromatids that make up paired homologues in prophase 1 of meiosis |
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Interphase (G1, S, G2) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase (Cytokinesis) |
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Prophase 1 ( Leptonema, Zygonema, Pachynema w/crossing over, Diakinesis) Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 then PMAT 2 |
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refers to the number of chromosomes 1N=haploid 2N-diploid |
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refers to the amount of DNA per chromosome pair before synthesis=2C after=4C after meiosis 1 and 2= 1C |
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| What are the four different phase of the cell cycle? |
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| N refers to the ___ and C refers to ___. |
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number of chromosomes amount of DNA per chromosome pair |
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| Meiosis occurs in ___ cells only. |
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| Ther term for division of cytoplasm is __. |
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| Crossover occurs during the __ stage of meiosis 1. |
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| In drosophila if the C number is 8 before S phase and it will be _ after S phase? |
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| __ pigments of drosophila don't separate in the chromatography paper. |
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= distance solute travels dist. solvent travels |
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Chromatography is the separation of solutes base on a. charge b. adsportion c. absorption |
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| First Division Segregation |
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| when no crossing over occurs, the alleles separate in the first meiotic division |
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| Second division segregation |
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| when crossing over occurs, alleles separate in the 2nd meiotic division |
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| separation of substances on the basis of their size and their affinity for the matrix used |
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solid material through which the mixture of the substances will travel
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| Hemoglobin has __ polypeptide chains; there are 2 __ abd 2 __ strands. |
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| Each heme group has a __ ring structure with __ atom at its center. |
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| Sickle cell HB is caused by the substitution of the glutamic acid for _ at position 6 of the polypeptide |
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| __ is the predominant Hb in fetus |
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Cellulose acetate electrophoreitc separation depends on a. charge and size of the molecule b. adsorption c. pH |
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| a. charge and size of the molecule |
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Linked gens are part of the same chromosome T/F? |
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| between an unknown genotype against a known homozygous recessive genotype |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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| Name the enzyme that is involved in the polymerization of DNA |
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The primer is a short sequene of about 10 nucleotides long and is made up of RNA. T/F |
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| In the agarose gel electophoreis the migration of DNA is base on __ and __ |
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| Longer DNA fragments migrate __ in the agarose gel compared to shorter fragments and are seen at the top of the gel. |
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Genetic testing, ex with flies analyzing fly DNA |
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| an atypical sampling of a population which forms a new isolated population |
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| Hardy Weinberg law holds good when the population is _ and when _ are absent. |
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large mutation, migration, selection, genetic drift, meiotic drive (mutation/disruption) |
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community of sexually interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals.
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| consists of all the genes in all their allelic forms in reproductive gametes of a population |
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| the percentage of alleles of a given type in a population |
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| heritable changes in the DNA or chromosome structure resulting in the production of a different allele |
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wide variety of mechanisms responsible for modifying reproductive success of a genotype
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| movement of members of one population to another sexually compatible population |
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p+q=1 p: frequency of dominant q: frequency of recessive obtain frequency= sample #/ total # |
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| Genotype frequency formula |
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p2+2pq+q2=1 p: frequency of dominant q: frequency of recessive obtain frequency= sample #/ total # |
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| random change in gene frequency due to chance |
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| occurs when a population is initially established by a small number of individuals |
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| occurs when a population is drastically reduced in size and then refounded |
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| Product of several genes, each which has a small yet equal effect on the overal phenotype |
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| Polygenetic traits affected by outside factors are called _ |
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