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Worldwide lowering of sea level occurred during every episode of Pleistocene glacial advance. |
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an area of indefinite size beyond the outermost extent of ice advance that was indirectly influenced by glaciation. |
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an immense blanket of ice that completely inundates the underlying terrain to depths of hundreds or thousands of feet. Formed in nonmountainous areas of continents. Only two currently, in Antarctica and Greenland. |
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a portion of ice around the margin of an ice sheet that extends between rimming hills to the sea. Icebergs that form from chunks of ice that break off ice shelves |
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an unconfined sheet of ice in high-mountain areas, and which can develop into valley glaciers and piedmont glaciers. |
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a long, narrow feature resembling a river of ice, which spills out of its originating basin and flows down-valley. |
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a valley glacier that extends to the mouth of the valley and spreads out broadly over the flat land beyond. |
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individual glacier that develops near a mountain crest line and normally moves down-valley for some distance. |
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a small glacier confined to its cirque and not moving down-valley |
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addition of ice into a glacier by incorporation of snow. |
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wastage of glacial ice through melting and sublimation. |
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snow granules that have become packed and begin to coalesce due to compression, achieving a density about half as great as that of water. |
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is the continual movement of the ice toward the edge(s) of the glaci |
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means the forward movement of the outer margins of the glacial body. |
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tends to polish when bedrock is highly resistant and dig striations and grooves in less resistant. |
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is the quarrying action in which rock particles beneath the ice are grasped by the freezing of meltwater in joints and fractures and pried out and dragged along in the general flow of a glacier. |
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an irregular depression in a morainal surface created when blocks of stagnant ice eventually melt. |
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a low, elongated hill formed by ice-sheet deposition. |
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are long sinuous ridges of stratified drift composed largely of glaciofluvial gravel. |
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debris deposited by melt water |
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debris deposited directly by ice |
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a pass or saddle through a ridge produced when two adjacent cirques on opposite sides of a divide are cut back |
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a steep-sided, pyramidal rock pinnacle where three or more cirques intersect |
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a valley reshaped by an alpine glacier, usually with a relatively straight course with a fluctuating gradient. |
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a broad amphitheater hollowed out at the head of a glacial valley by ice erosion. |
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this is the cascading forward motion of a breaking wave that rushes up the beach. |
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water moving seaward after the momentum of the wave swash is overcome by gravity and friction (friction meaning land) |
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energy and mass move in the same direction (horizontally) Can see this process visually when you are on a beach. |
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It is the release of liquid petroleum usually from tankers or other ships, or sometimes from fields near shores that travels on to coast lines. Once happens, it is very toxic and must be cleaned up immediately. The United States has the best technology in the world in cleaning up these spills. |
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is a seismic sea wave, very long sea wave that is generated by underground ocean earthquakes or ocean volcanic eruptions. |
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Has enormous monsoon region of rainfall. Coastal areas receive 200 inches annually, 100 inches in the in the delta region and 40 inches a year in the dry areas (central Burma). |
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this is the rise and fall of sea level controlled by the Earth’s rotation and the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. Within a period of just over 25 hours, daily there are two high tides and two low tides. Simply the continual rise and fall of ocean levels. |
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Has a significantly small effect on the shoreline.
Main effects are seen with the movement of sands and small pebble type rocks. |
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cause the greatest vertical movements of the oceans waters. |
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How many cyles of tides/day? |
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2 tide cycles every day. 2 high tides and 2 low tides every 25 hours. |
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What are tides caused by? |
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Definition
Caused by gravitational forces of planet and nearby heavenly bodies. |
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The difference between high and low tide |
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is a lower than normal variation that occurs twice a month around the first and third quarters of the moon. |
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tides High than usual tides are called Spring tides. Occurs usally around new or full moon phases |
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this is the result from the contraction and expansion from freeze-thaw actions. |
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Annual freezing of sea ice causes near-shore ice to push against the land, causing minor erosion Arctic and Antarctic regions only |
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Definition
Changes in Landscapes related to ice regime. |
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Streams and lakes in turn feed sediments to oceans and lakes.
Sediment is simply matter that settles at the bottom of a liquid. In other words, sand, rock pieces, mud particles, etc. |
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Sediment laid down by water on its valley floor. Can occur in a channel, mouth area, or valley floor. In time these areas have soils that are usually fertile and productive |
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this is the often major sedimentary deposit surrounding and extending beyond the mouth of a river where it empties into a larger water body. |
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accomplishes nearly all movement of sand or sediments on coast lines. |
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is a current in which water moves roughly parallel to the shoreline in a general downward direction. In other words coming in from an angle. |
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the zigzag movement of sand in a downward direction along the coast |
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this is the upper part of a beach. Covered by waves during sever storms. |
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this is an exposed deposit of loose sediment or simply put sand. It is the most common feature and is a transition zone between land and water. |
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relatively flat part of the backshore, again influenced by storm surges. |
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this is the lower zone of a beach. Composed of wave deposited material. |
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this is the zone permanetly under water where erosion and deposition do not occur. But underwater movement does occur. |
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relatively flat part of the backshore, again influenced by storm surges. |
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this is a linear deposit of marine sediment that is attached to the land at both ends. |
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this is a split that has become extended across the mouth of a bay transforming it into a lagoon. |
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is a split formed by sand from two directions of waves activity. |
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a body of quiet water in an area between a barrier island or a barrier reef and mainland. |
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a region occupied by a complete stream system formed by the trunk river and all its tributaries, this is also known as a watershed. |
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--Weather such as melt due to temperatures, heavy rains
Human intervention such as poorly constructed levees and dams, clearing of forested areas or wetlands. |
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Human intervention such as poorly constructed levees and dams, clearing of forested areas or wetlands. |
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are those that produce rapid rise in water levels and often have devastating flow velocities. Intense rain, topography, and surface conditions contribute. Happen in urban areas, mountain areas with steep slopes funnel into canyons, and sometimes in certain desert situations. |
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Caused by excessive rainfall Caused by previous conditions: 6 months before the flood, the Midwest was wetter than average by 10 to 15 inches. Midwest soils were at 90% absorbing capacity El-Nino conditions also contributed |
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The side to side cutting of a stream eventually produces a flat valley floor or floodplain.River is confined to channel until it floods then inundates the floodplain. Floodplains are in impact on human economic conditions as well as real estate property. I.e. Fema and insurance. |
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An estimated 50 lives lost, affected 9 states, and 536 counties. 72,000 homes damaged, 150,000 homeless 36,000 square miles affected. Over US $10 billion worth of damage to crops and property. US $5.7 billion authorised by Washington to aid flood victims. |
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How do Stream erode channels? |
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Definition
by lifting loose particles (sediment), or by abrasion, or by dissolving. |
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How do Streams transport load? in 3 ways |
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Definition
these are dissolved load which is brought on by groundwater. Produces 4 billion metric tons are supplied each year by streams. |
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Most common type Steep gradients Gentle curvature to it |
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Definition
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Tightly curved loops Abandoned channels Where land is flat, such as large floodplains Hi levels of erosion here |
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Heavily loaded stream Gentle gradient slows flow speed Slow moving stream chokes channel with alluvium Sand and gravel bar deposits divide (braid) the stream |
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Stream flow and channel development is in response to the initial slope of the land |
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Streams that develop along zones of structural weakness in bedrock Often trend at right angles to other channels |
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Slow uplift interrupts drainage pattern Stream erodes downward and maintains its course A deep gorge forms |
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Originally streams flow on a high sequence of land. The original stream’s pattern erodes down into the underlying sequence of rocks of a different structure. The pattern is unaffected by the structure; that is, streams maintain their pattern in the new sequence of rocks. |
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Most common drainage pattern Tree-like Underlying structure does not control the pattern Pattern determined by slope of land rather than by stream flow |
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Definition
Dendritic Drainage Pattern |
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Alternating bands of tilted hard and soft rocks Long parallel streams cut into soft rocks Parallel streams are jointed by short, right-angled segments. |
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Streams drain from a mountain peak or volcano pattern usually around isolated volcanic cones, and mountain type areas. |
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Process of going into solution Solubility varies among different elements |
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large, open underground areas occurring in massive limestone depositions at or near the surface. |
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is a spring whose water temperature averages above 50°f and contains magma chambers Eject hot water Volcanic heat and pressure source Calcium carbonate precipitates Travertine (massive) Tufa (porous) |
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a formation that combines Stalagmite & Stalactite into one column |
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a specialized form of intermittent hot spring with water issuing only sporadically as a temporary ejection, in which hot water and steam are spouted upward for some distance.
Involves the building up of pressure within a restricted subterranean tube until it is relieved by an eruption. Tremendous supply of heat is essential for geyser activity. |
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Very little water drains into the tube of a fumarole A hot spring that lacks water; it sends out only steam |
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A Specialized Environment related to weathering Running Water in Waterless Regions Characteristic Desert The Work of the Wind Two Characteristic Desert Landform Assemblages in U.S. Deserts |
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Definition
The Topography of Arid Lands |
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Usually intense when it happens. Flooding is rule, so fluvial erosion and deposition are effective and conspicuous, even though rain is sporadic and rare. |
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Conditions that led to Drought of 1988 |
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Definition
EL-NINO! Warm Winter virtually no snow Winter temperature in the 30‘s most of the time Extremely hot July! Upper 90‘s to low 100‘s the entire month including the first half of August No Rain in the summer! Various volcanic activities |
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Destruction of Midwest crops Huge energy demand Many deaths among elderly and sick Many deaths among construction workers and others doing sports Change in food imports Water shortage |
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Surface water is usually episodic and brief. Permanent streams, if any, are predominantly exotic in origin—come from outside the desert. For example, the Nile River. |
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Streams that flow for a brief time during high precipitation periods. More than 99% of all desert streams are ephemeral. |
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island mountain; isolated summit rising abruptly for a low-relief surface. |
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a rounded or domal inselberg composed of very resistant rock that stands above the surrounding terrain because of differential erosion and weathering lowering the surrounding terrain. |
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a gently inclined bedrock platform that extends outward from a mountain front, usually in an arid region. |
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zone at the “foot of the mountains.” In deserts, a prominent area of fluvial deposition, where it can reach depths of hundreds of feet. |
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the pronounced change in the angle of slope at a mountain base, with a steep slope giving way abruptly to a gentle one. Break in slope greatly reduces the speed of transportation, so there can be a significant accumulation of rock debris. |
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processes related to wind action. They are most pronounced, widespread, and effective in dry lands. |
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Works like water transportation, but not as effective. Dust storms can extend for thousands of feet high and move more than 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles). Sand storms usually only a few centimeters or meters above the ground. |
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Definition
Aeolian Transportation (Wind Transportation of Sediment) |
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a mound, ridge, or low hill of loose windblown sand. Can be unanchored, and are shifted by wind. migrate downwind as the wind blows the grains up the gentle windward slope, which are then deposited on the steep slip face. |
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the steeper leeward side of a dune. |
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a crescent-shaped sand dune with cusps of the crescent pointing downwind. |
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also crescent-shaped, but not as uniformly as barchans; occur on sandy landscapes. |
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