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GEG105
South Asia Regions
46
Geography
Undergraduate 1
11/15/2011

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Five Regions of the South Asia Realm
Definition
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Mountainous North
Southern Islands
Term
Year 1947
Definition
Partition of British India into India and Pakistan 
Term
Year 1971
Definition
East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh 
Term
Centrifugal Forces 
Definition
Moved capital 750 miles further
West did not help East after 1971 cyclone (killed 600,000)
1,500 miles apart
War left 3 million dead
Term
Pakistan
Definition
Gift of the Indus River
177 million
Karachi 13.3 million
Lahore 7.2 million
Dispute with India over Kashmir
Islamabad – forward capital
Nuclear power
Term
Pakistan
Definition
Islamic Republic (2nd largest Islamic population in world)
77% Sunni
Islamic fundamentalism is strong
Use of Islamic Sharia courts
Leaders use as a centripetal force
Harbored (?) Osama bin Laden
Term
Pakistan
Definition
35% Urbanized
Low Income Economy
Economic Liberalization Began In 1990 To Boost Foreign And Domestic Private Investment.
Cotton-based Textile Industry and Rice
Term
Pakistan
Definition
Supports a Large Military Establishment (Emerging Regional Power)
Democratic governments give way to military rule
Is a Marchland: an area of uncertain boundaries through which armies and refugees, and migrants have moved
Term
Subregions 
Definition
  • Punjab
  • Sindh
  • Baluchistan
  • North West Frontier
Term

Pakistan Regions:

Punjab, Pakistan

Definition
Core Area, 55% of population, almost 100 million
Speak Punjabi
Intensive wheat production
Lahore is cultural focus of the country
Islamabad is capital
Term

Pakistan Regions:

Sindh, Pakistan

Definition
Karachi
25% of Pakistan’s population in Sind
Cotton textiles, wheat
Received many refugees in 1947
Talk of secession, particularly after assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, who gave Sindh a voice in national affairs
Term

Pakistan Regions:

NW Frontier, Pakistan

Definition
Peshawar is major city
Mountainous
Tribal areas under nominal control of government
Pro-Taliban area
Pushtun refugees from Afghanistan
Term

Pakistan Regions:

Baluchistan

Definition
Arid desert
Baluchistan province in Iran
Shi’ite
Sparsely populated (9.5 million)
Oil, coal, and natural gas
Development of port of Gwadar
Baluchi people also in Iran
Secession movement (Baluchistan Liberation Army)
Term
Kashmir
Definition
Faced with the Choice of Joining Either Hindu India or Muslim Pakistan (75% Muslim, but Hindu Maharaja)
Pakistan wants a plebiscite, but India does not
January 1949 – U.N. Cease Fire
1980-88 Muslim Extremists Continue Insurgency
1990-1995 10,000 deaths
Security barrier cuts down on terror
Sections also claimed by China
Term
India
Definition
  • 1.24 Billion
  • Utter Pradesh 197 M (yellow, Ganges River)
    Maharashtra 111 M (green, Bombay)
    Bihar 96 M (green, Ganges River)
Term
Centrifugal forces in India
Definition
28 states, 6 Union Territories, 1 National Capital Territory organized on language
Language 741 languages, 14 have official status
Muslim minority of 13% is 177 million
Sikhs
Caste System
HindutvaHinduness” (radical Hindu movement)
Naxalite Movement (Communists)
Term
Centripetal Forces
Definition
Hinduism
Democracy – created new states for language groups
Federal system gives ethnic and linguistic expression (see map last slide)
96% literacy rate
Gandhi and Nehru
Good transport and communication
Term
Muslims in India
Definition
35 M at independence has grown to 177 M
Percentage of the population is increasing because at 2.8% compared to 1.6% for India as a whole
Note states around Bangladesh: Kashmir (67% Muslim), Asom (31%), Kerala (25%)
Thus, they are not all in one place.
Significant violence has occurred over the years between Hindus and Muslims
Muslims have very low levels of education (4% complete secondary school)
India is the most frequently attacked country by terrorism
Term
Muslims
Definition
Problems between Hindus and Muslims fed by dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir
Pakistani links to Muslim terrorist acts in India, but local Muslims have participated in terrorist acts
2008 attack in Mumbai on two international hotels
Term
Sikhs
Definition
Religion combining Hinduism and Islam
Started 500 years ago
Supported British rule and gained government jobs under the British
Punjab area of both Pakistan and India
Less than 2% of Indians (23 M), but exert significant influence in Indian society
Sikhs wanted a separate country, but ended up with dividing Punjab into Punjab (Sikh) and Haryana (Hindu) (example of accommodation which has kept India together)
Current Prime Minister is a Sikh
Term
Caste System
Definition
Thousands of castes
Untouchable to priests
Born into a caste depending upon your actions in a previous life – thus cannot change your caste
Cannot socialize with persons of a higher caste
Indian governments have tried to modify
15% are Lower Caste, 40% are Backward Caste, 18% are Upper Caste (rest are Muslims, Sikhs, etc.)
Less progress made in rural areas in modifying this system: untouchable children in school sit on floor in rural areas, but in urban areas have “affirmative action programs
Term
Hindutva
Definition
A movement to make India a society in which Hindu principles prevail
“Hindu nationalism”
Worries Muslims, moderate Hindus, and secularists
Impose Hindu curriculum in the schools
The political party that supports Hindutva is part of the current coalition government
Gujarat State – rioting between Hindus and Muslims
Term
Naxalite Movement 
Definition
Maoists who have been around since India began
Recently have been making a comeback after years of little strength
Active in 13 of the 28 States
Psychologically strengthened when Maoists had success in neighboring Nepal
Appeals to those of the lower castes
Term
India's Great Cities 
Definition
n29% Urbanized
n360 million people
n41 millionaire cities
nRural to urban migration
nSquatter settlements
nExtreme variations between rich and poor
nGolden Quadrilateral (4-lane highway) will connect Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata (red line on map)
Term
Mumbai (Bombay)
Definition
  • 20.2 Million
  • Achieved “Primacy” Based on Its Situation (Suez Canal)
    Special Economic Zone set up to attract foreign investment
    Some of the world’s largest and poorest squatter settlements (Slumdog Millionaire)
Term
Kolkata (Calcutta)
Definition
  • 15.8 million 
  • Former British Colonial Capital until 1912
  • Adversely Affected by Partition 
Term
Delhi (New and Old)
Definition
  • 17.1 Million
  • British and Indian Seat of Government 
Term
Chennai (Madras)
Definition
  • 7.7 Million
  • Great city of the South
Term
Indian Economy
Definition
What would Wal-Mart do to the 15,000,000 small stores
300 M people in middle class
500 American-style shopping malls, compared to none in 2000
On the whole economy is better in the north than the south and in the west than the east
Term
India- Agriculture
Definition
A Mixture Of Traditional Village Farming And Modern Agriculture
Yields per hectare are low
Half of 600,000 villages not accessible by road
58% of employed persons work in agriculture, 70% of population lives on farms
<5% of persons own 25% of the land
175 M live and work as tenant farmers
Land fragmentation
Term
What climate variables help to explain this distribution of agriculture?
Definition
Rainfall decreases from east to west as in the US
Rice in east, grains in west
Rice is labor intensive, wheat is not
Urbanization greater in the west
Term
Agriculture in India
Definition
  • Rice Farming
  • Tea Plantation
Term
India- Industry
Definition
Problems with supply of energy, particularly electricity
Problems with infrastructure to bring coal to power plants and with ports to import coal, despite large domestic supplies, but ports are inadequate
Recall Direct Productive Activity vs. Infrastructure issue from the Intro to this course
Term
Five Industrial Areas of India
Definition
Bihar-Bengal – Jute
Chota-Nagpur Plateau – Iron and Steel (among world’s top ten coal producers)
Mumbai-Ahmadabad – cotton and textiles
Textiles uses cotton, electricity from rivers over Ghats, cheap labor (cotton is pure raw material, cheap labor is ubiquitous in India)
Chennai (Madras) textiles
Silicon Plateau around Bangalore (Bengaluru)
Term
India- Industry
Definition
Greater economic progress in the west
Many Indians working in Persian Gulf oil fields and sending money back to India
Major employment now in IT industries
As China develops, India will have cheaper labor and some industries will move here
Term
The New India
Definition
World’s Fastest Growing Free Market Economy
6% (7%) growth rate per year (China at 9%); 2005 was 7.5%
In 10 years, the economy will be larger than Italy and in 15, larger than UK
By 2040, world’s 3rd largest economy (by 2020?)
2008: GM will import $1 billion in car parts from India
Number of shopping malls was 3 in 2001 and will be 345 in 2007
Credit card industry growing at 35% per year
Term
The New India
Definition
1960: India had a higher GDP per capita than China
2006: India’s GDP is half of China’s
1960: Same GDP as South Korea
2006: South Korea GDP is 13 times higher
On UN Human Development Index: India is 124 out of 177 countries: ahead of India is Syria, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Dominican
Female literacy is 54%
800 million people in India earn less than $2/day
Term
The New India
Definition
It contains 3 “Nigerias” inside it: 300 million people living on less than $1/day
More than 40% of the world’s poor live in India
World’s second largest HIV population
Term
Bangladesh
Definition
  • 151 million
  • Independent Since 1971
    Formerly East Pakistan
    Delta of Ganges and Brahmaputra
    Dhaka is Capital
    Chittagong is port
    83% Muslim, 12% Hindu
    25% urban
    Per Capita GNI = 1550 US Dollars
Term
Bangladesh
Definition
Jute and tea
Very fertile
Three rice crops per year
Natural Hazards – Cyclones (8 of the 10 worst natural disaster in the 20th century)
Arsenic poisoning is problem
Fourth world country?
Term
Nepal
Definition
31 million
Kathmandu is capital
85% Hindu (blends Buddhist ideas)
Poorest country in the realm
Maoists in government
Term
Bhutan
Definition
740,000 people
Was a monarchy, now a democracy
Buddhist
Term
Sri Lanka
Definition
Independent Since 1948
Ceylon until 1972
21 Million People
70% Buddhists
Plantation Agriculture:
Tea
Rubber
Coconuts
Term

Southern region of Sri Lanka 

Majority of population

Definition
Aryan (from 2,500 years ago)
Buddhists
Speak Sinhala (Indo-European)
Term

Northern Region of Sri Lanka

18% of the population

Definition
Dravidian
Hindu
Tamil Language
Brought by British
Term
Sri Lanka Civil War has ended 
Definition
Tamils Demanded Equal Rights starting in 1978
LTTE – Liberation Tigers Of Tamil Eelam
Tamil Insurgent State reached equilibrium stage by 2002
2007 Sinhalese government in Colombo started counteroffensive and took back the insurgent state via military
2009 Tamils defeated
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