Term
|
Definition
| Cell Theory explains the relationship between cells and living things. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of Cell Theory? |
|
Definition
All living things are made of one or more cells.
Cells are the smallest unit of structure in all living things.
New cells can only be produced from other cells. |
|
|
Term
| When was the first microscope invented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Cell Theory come to be known? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are specialized cells? |
|
Definition
| Cells that are specialized for a particular job. |
|
|
Term
| A group of specialized cells working together make up what is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four major types of specialist tissue? |
|
Definition
Connective.
Epithelial.
Muscle.
Nervous. |
|
|
Term
| What is connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| Connective tissue protects and connects other body tissues to one another. |
|
|
Term
| Name three examples of connective tissues. |
|
Definition
| Bone, cartilage, and blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial tissue covers and protects the surface of the body and organs. |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the purpose of the cardiovascular system. |
|
Definition
| Different parts of your body working together to move needed substances throughout your body. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major parts of your cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| Heart, blood vessels, and blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of organs working together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of tissues working together. |
|
|
Term
| What is the heart organ made of? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac muscle tissue, composed of cardiac muscle cells, which contract to make your heart beat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement is supported by the cell theory?
A) A single cell is not considered a living thing?
B) Anything that has cells is considered a living thing.
C) All living things are made of the same types of cells.
D) A living thing can absorb new cells from the environment. |
|
Definition
B) Anything that has cells is considered a living thing.
According to cell theory, cells are the smallest unit of life. That means anything that is made of cells, even a single cell, is a living thing. |
|
|
Term
| A bone cell is ___ to perform the unique function of storing minerals for the body. |
|
Definition
Specialized.
Each different type of cell is specialized to carry out specific functions in the body. |
|
|
Term
| All cells have certain functions in common. Give the broadest example. |
|
Definition
| All cells must be able to carry out a certain set of chemical reactions. |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism is the name for what kind of cell reaction? |
|
Definition
| A cell reaction that uses energy from food to build substances the cell needs. |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism occurs in how many parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the two parts Metabolism occurs in. |
|
Definition
Part 1) A series of reactions extract energy from food molecules and convert it to a form of energy that the cell can use.
Part 2) A second series of reactions uses that energy to fuel processes like building proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Reproduction is a necessary function for all cells, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for when cells reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different components of a cell can have unique functions, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cell membranes? |
|
Definition
| Allows some substances into the cell and keeps others out. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mitochondrion? |
|
Definition
| Site of cell metabolism, converts energy into a form the cell can use. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ribosome? |
|
Definition
| Site where proteins are built. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes are proteins that help chemical reactions to occur faster. Without enzymes a cell would not be able to produce needed substances fast enough. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function performed by all cells?
A) Reproducing.
B) Producing food.
C) Building proteins.
D) Converting energy. |
|
Definition
B) Producing food.
All cells need to extract energy from food, but they do not all produce food. Only the cells of producers, like plants, produce food. All other organisms extract energy from the food they consume. |
|
|
Term
| A cell cannot survive without mitochondria because it would have no source of ___ to run cell processes. |
|
Definition
Energy.
Without mitochondria, the cell would not be able to convert food into energy. This lack of energy would prevent the cell from carrying out necessary processes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of cell division? |
|
Definition
1) The cell's nucleus makes an extra copy of its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules, which carry genetic instructions for forming new cells.
2) The nucleus divides into two parts, each containing an identical copy of the DNA.
3) Finally the "parent" cell divides into two identical "daughter" cells. |
|
|
Term
| Mitosis is the name for what? |
|
Definition
| The second stage of cell division when the cell's nucleus divides into two. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four stages of mitosis? |
|
Definition
1) Prophase: DNA condenses into structures called chromosomes. The cell's nucleus disappears.
2) Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
3) Anaphase: Chromosomes split into 2 identical chromatids. The sets of identical chromatids travel to opposite ends of the cell.
4) Telophase: A new nucleus forms around each set of the chromatids. The cell is ready to separate into 2 identical cells.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special type of cell division that produces reproductive cells. Reproductive cells, like eggs and sperm, unite to produce the first body cell of a new organism. They must be made by a special process. |
|
|
Term
| Reproductive cells must be made by a special process because? |
|
Definition
| They have half the number of chromosomes found in a regular cell. |
|
|
Term
| How many stages does meiosis have? |
|
Definition
| Two. One stage to split the cell into reproductive cells called haploids which have half the chromosomes of a regular cell. A second stage to split those two reproductive cells again into two more reproductive cells. At the end of the second stage you'll have 4 reproductive cells, all of which may have different combinations of the original chromones. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the first stage of meiosis. |
|
Definition
Prophase 1) The DNA condenses into structures called chromosomes and the nucleus disappears. Matching pairs of chromosomes trade segments in a process called crossing over.
Metaphase 1) Chromosomes line up in matching pairs.
Anaphase 1) One chromosome from each pair moves to the opposite side of the cell.
Telophase 1) The cell splits in two.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Describe the second stage of meiosis. |
|
Definition
Prophase 2) Two cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original. Unlike prophase 1, during this phase there is no new replication of DNA.
Metaphase 2) Individual chromosomes line up in each cell.
Anaphase 2) Chromosomes split into chromatids. Chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase 2) A nucleus reforms around each set of chromatids. Each cell splits in two again.
Notice that the final result of meiosis is four reproductive cells, each with half the DNA of a regular body cell.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Describe the resulting cells produced by meiosis. |
|
Definition
| After the two phases of meiosis, the result is 4 reproductive cells each with half the DNA of regular cells, where each of the four likely has a different combination of DNA. |
|
|
Term
1. A student creates the drawing shown as he observes mitosis in onion root cells under a microscope. Place a circle on the diagram to indicate the cell that appears to be transitioning from metaphase to anaphase.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicate your answer choice by connecting the correct process(es) to each description. Each process may be used more than once.
[image] |
|
Definition
Correct answers: a) mitosis and meiosis, b) mitosis, c) meiosis, d) mitosis and meiosis, and e) meiosis. Body cells reproduce themselves by separating into two identical cells during mitosis. Meiosis produces four reproductive cells, each with half the DNA of a normal body cell. Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of meiosis. Both mitosis and meiosis begin with the copying of the cell’s DNA. Because mitosis produces new body cells and meiosis produces reproductive cells, both processes are required in humans.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of converting light energy into food. |
|
|
Term
| What are consumer organisms? |
|
Definition
| Consumer organisms are organisms that eat other organisms for food. |
|
|
Term
| What are producer organisms? |
|
Definition
| Producer organisms, such as plants. take in light energy from the sun and use it to make their own food. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of photosynthesis. |
|
Definition
Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that takes place in the cells of plants' leaves.
1) Carbon dioxide enters cells through tiny holes in the leaf.
2) Water absorbed by the plant's roots also travels to the leaf cells.
3) When light energy enters the cells, carbon dioxide and water react in structures called chloroplasts.
4) The reaction produces glucose (sugar) and oxygen. Glucose travels to the rest of the plan to be used or stored. The oxygen exits the leaf through the tiny holes.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Define respiration in cells. |
|
Definition
| Respiration is the process to convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use using oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in stage one of respiration in cells? |
|
Definition
| Glucose from food enter the cell and is broken down into smaller molecules. This process releases a small amount of energy for the cell to use. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in stage two of respiration? |
|
Definition
| The smaller molecules react with oxygen inside the cell's mitochondria. This reaction produces carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of energy. The cell now has energy it needs to carry out its normal functions. |
|
|
Term
| Diagram of respiration happening inside a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define fermentation in cells? |
|
Definition
| Fermentation is an alternate method for converting energy when there is no oxygen available for respiration. Only some cells can do this. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation in cells. |
|
Definition
| Fermentation requires no oxygen, but the process only releases a small amount of energy. For example, your muscle cells normally use respiration for energy, but when you exercise the cells use energy faster than the oxygen can be delivered. Muscle cells can then temporarily switch to fermentation so that they are able to keep working until oxygen is restored. |
|
|
Term
The owner of a small freshwater aquarium notices bubbles rising from the leaves of one of the aquatic plants. She researches the process of photosynthesis in aquatic plants and makes more observations. She concludes that the bubbles are oxygen gas.
Which statement supports her conclusion?
A. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of leaf cells.
B. Leaves use oxygen to make glucose during photosynthesis.
C. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis.
D. Leaves release oxygen as they make glucose during photosynthesis. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: D. Leaves release oxygen into the environment as a product of the photosynthesis reaction. Because the bubbles are coming from the leaves, they are most likely oxygen gas being released. |
|
|
Term
Determine whether the process is respiration or fermentation and write the correct response in the blank.
a) _________________________ provides a lot of energy.
b) _________________________ needs oxygen.
c) _________________________ provides a little energy.
d) _________________________ does not need oxygen. |
|
Definition
A) Respiration.
B) Respiration.
C) Fermentation.
D) Fermentation. |
|
|
Term
| A cell uses deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to make what kind of substances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins are responsible for producing physical traits like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA has segments in it called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chemical bases is DNA made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gene determines the proteins it makes by what? |
|
Definition
The specific sequence of bases in the gene.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Describe the first major step a cell uses to make a protein. |
|
Definition
| First, a gene is transcribed into a molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA.) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the second major step a cell uses to make a protein. |
|
Definition
| Second, the RNA carries the gene's sequence to a cell structure called a ribosome, where protein is built. |
|
|
Term
| The process of DNA to RNA to protein is so specific and key in living things that it's referred to as? |
|
Definition
The central dogma of biology or central dogma of molecular biology.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Traits from your mother and father are passed to their children through what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes that store DNA are located where? |
|
Definition
| Inside the cell's nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| A chromosome consists of two what? |
|
Definition
| Two identical chromatids attached to each other. |
|
|
Term
| The location where the chromatids attach is called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many genes can be stored on a chromosome? |
|
Definition
Hundreds or thousands.
[image] |
|
|
Term
We have 46 chromosomes, but more accurately, we actually have 23 pairs. We have two copies of each type of chromosome (like pairs of shoes) one of each pair came from our mother and one came from our father. The chromosome pairs are called "homologous chromosomes". Homologous chromosomes are structurally identical (they look the same and have the same types of genes) but are genetically different since the genes for say eye colour from mom might differ from the gene for eye colour from dad.
So when making gametes, it is important that we get one of each pair (one of each type of shoe). During meiosis each egg or sperm cell get one of each type of chromosome. To make sure this happens, the first step of meiosis requires the pairs to find each other (a process called synapsis) so they can line up in pairs in the middle and be separated.
Unlike mitosis where making identical cells is important, meiosis makes gametes that are genetically different from each other. This happens because since each gamete only gets half the chromosomes, the possible chromosome combinations are over 8.3 million. Also, when the chromosomes pair up, they randomly exchange pieces (a process called crossing over) to further shuffle the genes. This is why siblings are not genetically identical even though they share the same parents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To produce a trait, DNA in the nucleus is converted to ______________________, which is used to build a ______________________. |
|
Definition
| DNA is converted to RNA which is used to build a gene. |
|
|
Term
2. A normal human body cell contains 46 total chromosomes. When reproductive cells (egg and sperm cells) unite, how many total chromosomes exist in the new cell they create?
A. 2
B. 23
C. 46
D. 92
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement about chromosomes is NOT true?
A. Chromosomes are stored in the nucleus of a cell.
B. A chromosome has different genes on each chromatid.
C. Chromosomes split apart into chromatids during meiosis.
D. A single chromosome can contain over a thousand genes. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: B. The two chromatids that make up a chromosome are exact copies of each other. Every gene present on one chromatid is also present on the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alleles are different versions of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
|
|
Term
| How many alleles do most genes have? |
|
Definition
Two, but more alleles are possible.
Human eye color genes has two alleles: brown and blue. But human bood type genes has three alleles: A, B, and O. |
|
|
Term
| What is mutation in reference to alleles? |
|
Definition
A mutation is a random change in the base sequence of a gene.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Describe crossing over in meiosis. |
|
Definition
Before the chromosomes are separated and new cells are formed, they cross over. An arm from each chromosome literally crosses over the other, allowed the arms to trade segments.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Different between chromatins, chromatids, and chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can your traits be affected by your environment? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Some traits are the results of your alleles and environmental factors. |
|
|
Term
| Why can height, handedness, and cancer be traits affected by environment? |
|
Definition
Alleles inherited from your parents.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Define the term epigenetics and what it describes. |
|
Definition
| Epigenetics is the study of how genes are expressed or "turned off and on." When a gene is actively being used to make a protein it is said to be turned on or expressed. Some genes for certain traits are expressed all the time while others are only turned on when a specific protein is needed. |
|
|
Term
| Siamese cats are a good example of environmental factors affecting the expression of genes because? |
|
Definition
| Areas of the cat's fur that are light are areas that are warm on the cat's body, whereas the dark fur appears only on parts of the body that is dark-colored. The hair color gene is expressed only in areas below a certain temperature. |
|
|
Term
1. The addition of an extra base to a segment of DNA produces a new
A. trait.
B. gene.
C. allele.
D. chromosome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Look at the pair of chromosomes shown. What evidence indicates that crossing over has occurred
[image]
A. The two chromosomes contain different alleles of genes A, B, and C.
B. The two inside chromatids contain different alleles of genes A, B, and C.
C. The two outside chromatids contain different alleles of genes A, B, and C.
D. The first chromosome’s two chromatids contain different alleles of gene C. |
|
Definition
| D. The first chromosome’s two chromatids contain different alleles of gene C. |
|
|
Term
3. Which of the following is NOT an example of the environment altering the expression of a trait?
A. A temperature of 80 ° F in an alligator’s nest causes the eggs to hatch as females.
B. Providing too much oxygen to a premature baby can cause blindness.
C. Lizards absorb heat from warm surfaces instead of producing body heat.
D. A hot climate prevents pigment from being produced in the fur of Himalayan rabbits. |
|
Definition
| C. Lizards absorb heat from warm surfaces instead of producing body heat. |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomes are like a fucking array and they have "shelves" on them just like an array. Alleles describe both an "address" in the array, the "class" of the array, and "execution code" at the same time. Like at allele2 (second spot on the chromosome) we have an allele for foot size (the class) and, finally, genetic info in it about how big the foot will grow (the code.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remember that you have two copies of every gene--one inherited from your mother and one from your father. Define a genotype. |
|
Definition
| The genotype refers to the entire set of genes in a cell. A gene for a particular character or trait may exist in two allelic forms; one is dominant (e.g. A) and the other is recessive (e.g. a). Based on this, there could be three possible genotypes for a particular character. For instance, a genotype of AA delineates homozygous dominance whereas a genotype of Aa is an example of heterozygous dominance. A genotype of aa is an instance of homozygous recessive. The genotype is a major factor that determines the phenotype of an organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phenotype is the physical expression of a trait determined by your genotype. |
|
|
Term
| Recessive and dominant alleles for eye color resulting in different genotypes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In simple inheritance a gene has a dominant and recessive allele. If a person has at least one copy of the dominant allele, that will result in what? |
|
Definition
| A dominant phenotype. Eye color is a physical expression of a genotype. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a Punnett square? |
|
Definition
A Punnett Square is a chart used to calculate the probability of parents passing on a trait to their child. When using a Punnett square remember:
• One parent’s alleles go along the top and one parent’s alleles go along the left side of the Punnett square.
• The parents’ alleles are matched up inside each box to show all of the allele combinations (genotypes) that the child could receive.
• The child has a 25 percent chance of inheriting the combination in each box.
[image] |
|
|
Term
What percentage of a chance does a child in this Punnett square have of inheriting blue eyes (where blue is the lowercase b (recessive) and brown is the uppercase B (dominant).)
[image] |
|
Definition
| The child has a 50 percent chance of having brown eyes (Bb) and a 50 percent chance of having blue eyes (bb). |
|
|
Term
| What is a pedigree chart? |
|
Definition
A pedigree chart is used to trace the inheritance of a trait through generations. This type of chart is often used to study genetic disorders such as colorblindness.
The following pedigree chart traces the inheritance of colorblindness through three generations of a family. Notice the meaning of the different symbols in the key. Colorblindness is a recessive trait. The person with the half-shaded symbol is called a “carrier” because she has one copy of the recessive colorblindness allele and one copy of the dominant color vision allele. She is not colorblind, but she can pass the colorblindness allele on to her child.
[image] |
|
|
Term
[image]
1. How can the person represented by the solid square at the bottom of the pedigree chart best be described?
A. a healthy female
B. a male with cystic fibrosis
C. a male who is a carrier for cystic fibrosis
D. a female with an unknown allele combination |
|
Definition
| B. A male with cystic fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
[image]
2. Place an X on the pedigree chart to indicate each person who has the genotype CC. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
3. The asterisk (*) in the pedigree chart indicates a couple who are planning to start a family. They want to know their chances of having a child with cystic fibrosis. What is their probability of having a child with the disease? (It might help to draw a Punnett square.)
A. 0 percent
B. 25 percent
C. 50 percent
D. 100 percent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Common ancestry is the theory that related organisms evolved from a shared ancestor.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| How do fossil records support the theory of common ancestry? |
|
Definition
| Organizing fossils by age shows gradual change in organisms. |
|
|
Term
| How do homologies support the theory of common ancestries? |
|
Definition
| Homologies are different organisms with similarities in structures, DNA sequences, and development. |
|
|
Term
| How do biogeographies support the theory of common ancestries? |
|
Definition
| Similar but unique organisms exist in similar environments around the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cladogram is a diagram that uses shared characteristics to show how organisms are related. Organisms are arranged on branches based on the characteristics each has. On the following diagram the lancelet is the first branch because it has none of the characteristics being compared. The lamprey is the second because it has one of the characteristics (a vertebral column (spine).) The wolf has all of the characteristics.
[image]
The more characteristics two organisms share, the more closely they are assumed to be related. Based on this cladogram, the turtle is more closely related to the wolf than the salmon is, because the turtle and wolf share all characteristics but one. |
|
|
Term
[image]
According to the information in the cladogram, which two plant species are the most closely related?
A. ferns and daisies
B. conifers and ferns
C. daisies and mosses
D. mosses and conifers |
|
Definition
B. Conifers and ferns.
The closer two organisms are on a cladogram, the more closely they can be assumed to be related. Ferns and conifers are listed directly next to each other on the cladogram. They share two of the characteristics being studied. |
|
|
Term
[image]
The cladogram was created using which type of evidence for common ancestry?
A. fossil records
B. biogeography
C. molecular homologies
D. homologous structures |
|
Definition
D. homologous structures
The cladogram compares structural characteristics of the different plant types. Similar, or homologous, structures in different organisms is evidence that the organisms share a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| Define natural selection. |
|
Definition
| Natural selection is the process of some members of a species being better able to survive and reproduce than others. |
|
|
Term
| Define artificial selection. |
|
Definition
| Farmers and animal breeders use a process that mimics natural selection by specifically choosing to breed two organisms based on desired traits. For example, a farmer might breed two tomato plants that are the most resistant to disease to produce a more disease resistant offspring. When the specific trait becomes more or less common selection is occurring. |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for selection? |
|
Definition
| For natural selection to act on a species two conditions must be met. First, variation in traits; and second, differential survivability. |
|
|
Term
| Why is variation in traits and differential survivability necessary for selection? |
|
Definition
| There must be more than one type of trait for one to be found more favorable than the other. Secondly, one of the variations of the trait must increase the organisms chance of survival. |
|
|
Term
In a scientific study, a change in the independent variable results in a change in the dependent variable. For example, a change in tree trunk color resulted in a change in wing-color frequencies in England’s peppered moth population.
When studying natural selection, which of the following observations would provide the clearest proof that selection is happening?
A. a change in the dependent variable
B. no change in the dependent variable
C. a change in the independent variable
D. no change in the independent variable |
|
Definition
| A. A change in the dependent variable. |
|
|
Term
The fish population in a freshwater lake has been monitored by local ecologists for 26 years. The population includes both dark- and light-colored fish. Over this period, the ratio of dark to light fish has remained about 3 to 2.
2. Ecologists can conclude that natural selection is NOT occurring because:
A. the fish do not have enough variation in body color.
B. the fish have enough food and do not need to change.
C. neither body color has a greater effect on fish survival.
D. humans are causing artificial selection to occur instead. |
|
Definition
| C. neither body color has a greater effect on fish survival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adaptation is a trait shared by all members of a species that helps them survive or reproduce in their unique environment. Natural selection leads to adaptations.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Why do species develop adaptations? |
|
Definition
Selection pressure, which is the pressure an environment produces that affects a species survival.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speciation is when a new species evolves from an existing species. In general, speciation happens when some members of a species develop adaptations that are different from the rest of the species. |
|
|
Term
| If a group becomes geographically separated from the original population and selection pressures in the new environment causes the separated group to develop new adaptations and become a separate species, what is that process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is a stupid question because the answers could be very general. For example, birds could choose to build nests on walls because of predators, as well as human activity, or limited living space.
A) suitable mates
B) clean water
C) living space or human activity |
|
|
Term
| If two populations of a species develop different adaptations, __ might happen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cycles through ecosystems and how? |
|
Definition
| Energy. Energy is moved from one level to another as organisms are consumed. |
|
|
Term
| What determines the direction of the energy flow? |
|
Definition
| In most ecosystems there are four important feeding levels that determine the direction of the energy flow. |
|
|
Term
| Define a producer in the context of an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
| Organisms, usually plants, that convert some of the sun's energy into stored chemical energy. |
|
|
Term
| Define a primary consumer in the context of an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
| Herbivores. They obtain energy by consuming producers. |
|
|
Term
| Define a secondary consumer in the context of an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
| Carnivores that consume primary consumers for energy. |
|
|
Term
| Define a decomposer in the context of an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
| Decomposers are organisms that obtain energy by breaking down dead organisms from the other three levels. |
|
|
Term
| What is an energy pyramid? |
|
Definition
An energy pyramid is a model that allows us to visualize the feeding relationship of organisms at different levels.
[image]
Here the size of each block is proportional to the amount of available energy. |
|
|
Term
| Why does a feeding level's energy that gets passed on vary? |
|
Definition
Only a small percentage is passed on because the process is inefficient.
[image]
In a plant, not all of the available solar (light) energy actually makes it into the leaf. The energy that does make it into the leaf is made usable by photosynthesis. That energy may then be used during respiration. The energy that remains can be lost in several ways, one of which is heat. Finally, whatever energy is left in the leaf becomes available to the next feeding level when the plant is eaten. |
|
|
Term
[image]
1. The arrow between “consumed” and “respiration and heat loss” is missing. Mark an arrow on the diagram to indicate the direction of energy flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
2. The cow would best fit which of the following roles?
A. producer
B. decomposer
C. primary consumer
D. secondary consumer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do food chains represent? |
|
Definition
Feeding relationships.
[image]
As you can see, each organism in the food chain represents a feeding (trophic) level. The arrows indicate the direction in which matter and energy are transferred between organisms. |
|
|
Term
| How many links does a food chain typically show? |
|
Definition
| A food chain typically shows 5 links because the amount of energy left by the fifth link is only a tiny portion of what was available at the first link. |
|
|
Term
| What do food webs represent? |
|
Definition
Food webs perform the same function as food chains except they show all possible feeding relationships at each feeding level. Most ecosystems are complicated and organisms depend on more than one other species for food.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Food webs help identify limitations in communities because? |
|
Definition
| They can show how multiple organisms in the food web might be affected by the loss of one part. |
|
|
Term
| 1. Complete the statement with a term from the section. The arrow in a food chain shows the direction in which _____________________ and _____________________ are moving through the food chain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The best model of organisms’ complex feeding relationships is a( n)
A. food web.
B. food chain.
C. energy link.
D. energy pyramid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of organisms of the same species living in an area. |
|
|
Term
| Define carrying capacity. |
|
Definition
The carrying capacity of a population is the maximum number of organisms that a particular environment can support over time.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| When populations are less than the carrying capacity of a particular environment what happens? |
|
Definition
| Births will exceed deaths until the carrying capacity is reached. |
|
|
Term
| What is the lag phase in regard to carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
| When the population grows slowly due to a constant but limited food supply and organisms grow and adapt to their environment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the exponential growth phase in regard to carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
| When food is plentiful and the population grows quickly. |
|
|
Term
| What is the stationary phase in regard to carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
| When the population size outgrows the amount of available food, growth begins to plateau. |
|
|
Term
| Define limiting factors in regard to population size. |
|
Definition
Limiting factors are the things that can limit population size. For example, competition between members of a species, individuals of different species, or food or space increases the population will decrease in size. Other limiting factors can include the effects of a disease and other environmental effects.
[image] |
|
|
Term
Place an X on the diagram to indicate the correct location of the slow growth phase.
[image] |
|
Definition
[image]
The slow growth phase of the graph is also referred to as the lag phase, denoted on the graph showing population growth over time. |
|
|
Term
When populations increase and use up the available resources, the results can be:
A. disease
B. competition
C. exponential growth
D. more available food |
|
Definition
B. competition
When resources are limited, a growing population will have to compete to acquire those resources. |
|
|
Term
| What are predator-prey relationships? |
|
Definition
| Relationships where one organism (predator) feeds on another (the prey.) |
|
|
Term
| How does the predator-prey relationship affect an ecosystem? |
|
Definition
| Predation ensures that the flow of energy continues but it can also be a limiting factor on population size. |
|
|
Term
Describe what is happening in the following graph.
[image] |
|
Definition
| As the prey population increases, so does the predator population. The increase in predators causes the prey population to decrease, and so follows the predator population. This cycle helps keep both populations relatively stable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A close and long-term association between members of different species. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
1) Parisitism.
2) Mutualism.
3)Commensalism.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A relationship in which one organism (parasite) benefits while the other (host) is harmed.
Example: Tapeworms living in the intestines of a cat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A relationship in which both species benefit.
Example: Ants living in and protecting an acacia tree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.
Hermit crabs using gastropod shells for shelter. |
|
|
Term
A goby fish sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand, and both the fish and shrimp live in the burrow. The shrimp is almost blind and at risk of being eaten when above ground. The goby fish will touch the shrimp with its tail to warn it of danger, and then both will retreat into the burrow.
1. Complete the statement with a term from the section. When the shrimp is above ground, it takes on the role of _________________ in the predator-prey relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A goby fish sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand, and both the fish and shrimp live in the burrow. The shrimp is almost blind and at risk of being eaten when above ground. The goby fish will touch the shrimp with its tail to warn it of danger, and then both will retreat into the burrow.
2. What type of relationship exists between the goby fish and the shrimp?
A. Parasitism
B. Mutualism
C. Predator-prey
D. Commensalism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name four common disturbances in ecosystems. |
|
Definition
1. Flooding
2. Habitat destruction
3. Desertification
4. Invasive species |
|
|
Term
| Describe how flooding disturbs an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
| Occurs when an overflow of water covers land not normally covered by water. Ecosystems of water-based habitats are also impacted by the runoff containing sediments and pollutants. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how habitat destruction disturbs an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
| A process in which a natural habitat is displaced or destroyed and is not able to support the species present. Human activity such as urban sprawl, drilling, logging, and clearing of forests for farmland are the principal causes. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how desertification disturbs ecosystems. |
|
Definition
| Occurs when relatively dry land regions become increasingly arid. Bodies of water begin to dry up, causing loss of plant and animal life. It is primarily caused by climate change and human activities such as deforestation. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how invasive species disturbs an ecosystem. |
|
Definition
| Occurs when nonnative species that adversely affect the habitats and ecology of an area are introduced to the area. Species, such as plants or animals, may disrupt the ecosystem by outcompeting the native species for limited resources such as food and space. |
|
|
Term
The succession stages after a fire.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extinction is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies. Extinction can happen as a result of natural processes, human activities including hunting, urbanization, and the destruction of forests to create farmland are primarily responsible for the habitat destruction that eventually leads to extinctions. |
|
|
Term
Indicate your answer choice by connecting the events to the correct examples.
[image] |
|
Definition
1. Invasive species
2. Flooding
3. Desertification |
|
|
Term
Complete the sentence with a term from the section.
Human activities have increased the rate of habitat destruction and caused the ___ of many species of wildlife. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 11 major organ systems. |
|
Definition
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Circulatory
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive |
|
|
Term
| Describe the integumentary organ system. |
|
Definition
Functions: Barrier to invading organisms and chemicals. Temperature control.
Organs: Skin, hair, subcutaneous tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the skeleton organ system. |
|
Definition
Functions: Supports the body. Protects internal organs. Mineral storage. Blood formation.
Organs: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the muscular organ system. |
|
Definition
Function: Locomotion, and heat production.
Organs: Muscles, tendons. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the nervous organ system. |
|
Definition
Function: Coordinates activities of other organ systems. Responds to sensations.
Organs: Bran, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the endocrine organ system. |
|
Definition
Functions: Regulates body functions by chemicals (hormones.)
Organs: Pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, thymus, pancreas, gonads. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the circulatory organ system. |
|
Definition
Function: Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Removes waste products.
Organs: Heart, blood, blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lymphatic organ system. |
|
Definition
Function: Returns tissue fluids to blood. Defense against foreign organisms.
Organs: Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, lymphatic vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the respiratory organ system. |
|
Definition
Function: Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange.
Organs: Lungs, trachea, larynx, nasal cavities, pharynx. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the urinary organ system. |
|
Definition
Elimination of wastes. Regulates pH and volume of blood.
Organs: Kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the reproductive organ system. |
|
Definition
Functon: Produces egg cell (female) and sperm cells (male.) Environment for growth of fetus (female.) Organs: Female: ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, external genitalia.
Male: testes, prostate gland, external genitalia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How body systems work together. |
|
|
Term
Which organ system regulates both the volume and pH of blood?
A. circulator
B. respiratory
C. lymphatic.
D. urinary |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: D. The organs of the urinary system are responsible for elimination of wastes and regulating both the pH and volume of blood. |
|
|
Term
Complete the statement with terms from the section.
The three organ systems primarily responsible for the running motion of an athlete in a relay race are? |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Skeletal, muscular, nervous. The skeletal and muscular systems cooperate as muscles move bone and tendons connect muscle to bone, while the brain and nerves control movement and deliver messages to the specific parts of the body. |
|
|
Term
Which organ system regulates both the volume and pH of blood?
A. circulator
B. respiratory
C. lymphatic.
D. urinary |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: D. The organs of the urinary system are responsible for elimination of wastes and regulating both the pH and volume of blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Homeostasis is your body's ability to adjust to external changes while maintaining a stable internal environment. Humans are able to function in a wide range of environments because our bodies have a system of feedback controls. This allows body systems to regulate the internal conditions and make adjustments
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Define homeostatic feedback loops. |
|
Definition
Homeostatic feedback loops consist of triggers that result in a series a of responses designed to maintain your body's homeostasis.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| There are two kinds of homeostatic feedback loops, name them. |
|
Definition
| Negative and positive feedback loops. |
|
|
Term
| Define a negative feedback loop with regards to homeostasis. |
|
Definition
| Negative feedback is a process when body systems need to slow down or completely stop a process that is occurring. Your digestive system uses a negative feedback loop to regulate the use of your stomach. You don't need your stomach churning if you are not eating! |
|
|
Term
| Define a positive feedback loop with regards to homeostasis. |
|
Definition
Positive feedback encourages a physiological process. It amplifies your body's response to a stimulus until negative feedback can take over.
Take, for example, the process of digestion. Your body makes an enzyme called pepsin that helps to digest food. Before that takes place, your body usually secrets an inactive enzyme called pesinogen in your stomach. As pepsinogen is converted to a different enzyme, pepsin, it triggers a process that helps convert other pspsinogen molecules. This cascade effect quickly supplies your stomach with enough pepsin molecules needed to digest proteins. |
|
|
Term
| When you are overheated, is that an example of homeostasis? Why? |
|
Definition
Yes. Your body wants to maintain an internal temperature of 98.6 degrees. Your skin detects that it is too warm and sends that message to your brain, which in response triggers your sweat glands to cool you down and restore homeostasis.
[image] |
|
|
Term
Prolonged exposure to the sun at the beach would most likely disrupt homeostasis in the
A. Skin because of the potential for sunburn.
B. Liver because of increased liquid consumption.
C. Muscles beacause of exhaustion from swimming.
D. lungs because of second hand smoke. |
|
Definition
| A. Skin because of the potential for sunburn. |
|
|
Term
| Your body's ability to carry out all the chemical reactions needed to maintain homeostasis depends on six types of nutrients. What are they? |
|
Definition
| Protein, fats, water, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. |
|
|
Term
| What role does protein serve as a nutrient? |
|
Definition
Role: Building and repairing cells.
Found in: Beans, meat, fish, dairy products. |
|
|
Term
| What role do fats serve as a nutrient? |
|
Definition
Role: Energy for cell and membranes.
Found in: Dairy products, vegetable and animal oils. |
|
|
Term
| What role does water serve as a nutrient? |
|
Definition
Role: Fills up cells and dissolves chemicals.
Found in: Water, consumed as a beverage or found in foods. |
|
|
Term
| What role do carbohydrates serve as a nutrient? |
|
Definition
Role: Used for energy.
Found in: Grains, bread, sweets, vegetables, pasta, rice and fruit. |
|
|
Term
| What role do minerals serve as a nutrient? |
|
Definition
Role: Calcium for healthy bones. Iron for blood.
Found in: A variety of foods such as meat, dairy, fruits, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What role do vitamins serve as a nutrient? |
|
Definition
Role: Used in small amounts to help enzymes.
Found in: Small amounts of fresh fruit, vegetables, cereals, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Many types of helpful bacteria in your gut also provide you with nutrients. They are referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The body your energy needs is measured in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many calories in 1 gram of fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many calories in 1 gram of protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many calories in 1 gram of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many calories are there in 9 grams of fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symbiotic bacteria produce a lot of which two vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogens are microorganisms or viruses that cause disease. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five common ways pathogens are spread? |
|
Definition
| Droplet infection (through nose or mouth,) direct contact (skin,) contaminated food or water, bodily fluids (through breaks in the skin,) vectors (animals carriers.) |
|
|
Term
| Define droplet infection with regard to pathogens. |
|
Definition
When you cough, sneeze, or talk tiny droplets fly out of your mouth and nose. If you have an infection, those droplets will contain microorganisms.
Common diseases spread via droplet infection: Flu, tuberculosis, common cold. |
|
|
Term
| Define direct contact with regard to pathogens. |
|
Definition
Some diseases are spread by direct contact of the skin.
Common diseases spread via direct contact: Athletes foot, genital herpes. |
|
|
Term
| Define contaminated food or water with regard to pathogens. |
|
Definition
Eating raw or undercooked food or drinking water contaminated by sewage means you take in large numbers of microorganisms straight into your digestive tract.
Common diseases spread via contaminated food or water: Cholera, dysentery, salmonella. |
|
|
Term
| Define bodily fluids with regard to pathogens. |
|
Definition
Pathogens can enter the body through body fluids such as blood via cuts and scratches, or needle punctures.
Common diseases spread through bodily fluids: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis. |
|
|
Term
| Define vectors with regard to pathogens. |
|
Definition
A vector is an animal that spreads disease-causing organisms from one host to another without suffering any harm itself. Vectors include mosquitoes and houseflies.
Common diseases spread through vectors: Malaria, dysentery, West Nile virus. |
|
|
Term
| What are two common ways to prevent disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. A heterotroph is an organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nutrients and energy. Which process can heterotrophs not perform?
A. mitosis
B. respiration
C. fermentation
D. photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Correct answers: selection pressure, natural selection, adaptation, and speciation. The environment exerts selection pressure on the finches by providing a limited food supply. Natural selection favors the finches with the best beaks for obtaining food (insects). Narrow beaks become an adaptation of the island finches when no more broad-beaked finches exist. Speciation occurs when the island finches become their own species.
(br>[image] |
|
|
Term
Some bacteria and viruses are pathogens that cause disease in humans. A bacterium is composed of a single cell with no nucleus. A virus is composed of DNA encased in a protective protein coat. Both contain enzymes. A bacterium and a virus are shown in the following diagram.
[image]
Which characteristic best explains why most scientists do not consider viruses to be living things?
A. Viruses lack cells.
B. Viruses have no nucleus. C. Viruses contain no DNA. D. Viruses can contain enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacteria, like all cells, use the instructions in DNA to make proteins. Place a circle on the diagram to indicate the cell structure that is responsible for building proteins.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anemia is primarily a nutrient deficiency. Which nutrient is deficient in a person with anemia, and what body system is most affected?
A. protein, nervous system
B. water, lymphatic system
C. vitamins, digestive system
D. minerals, circulatory system |
|
Definition
| D. minerals, circulatory system. An anemic person is deficient in iron, a type of mineral. Anemia is a disorder that affects red blood cells, part of the circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic relationship?
A. tapeworms living in the intestines of a cat
B. intestinal bacteria that make vitamins B and K.
C. hermit crabs using gastropod shells for shelter.
D. a wisteria vine growing up and over an oak tree. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: B. Intestinal bacteria that live in human digestive systems are an example of a type of symbiotic relationship called mutualism. The bacteria receive a habitat and food source while humans benefit from the synthesis of essential nutrients. |
|
|
Term
Connect each organism with its correct role in the food chain. (Note: On the real GED ® test, you will click on the words you choose and “drag” each one into position in the diagram.)
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following factors would NOT affect the size of a deer population?
A. the number of fawns born in the spring
B. the number of new deer joining the herd
C. the number of male deer hunted and killed
D. the number of juvenile female deer in the herd |
|
Definition
| The number of juvenile female deer in the herd would not affect the size of the deer population because they are already accounted for. Additionally, juvenile, or immature, deer are not breeding and reproducing, and thus adding to the population size. |
|
|
Term
| Atoms are made up of the same three basic particles which are? |
|
Definition
| Protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
|
|
Term
| Atoms of different substances have a different number of what? |
|
Definition
| Different number of particles. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of charge does the proton have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of charge do electrons have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of charge do neutrons have? |
|
Definition
| They do not have a charge. |
|
|
Term
| Which is the lightest particle? |
|
Definition
| Electrons. Protons and Neutrons are each about 2000 times heavier than electrons. |
|
|
Term
Describe this helium atom. What is the top number, bottom number, and number of protons, electrons, and protons does this atom have? What is its charge?
[image] |
|
Definition
The letters represent the name of the atom.
The top numbers describe the mass, or how many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus. Because electrons have virtually no mass, just about all the mass of an atom is in its protons and neutrons. Therefore, the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom determines its mass in atomic mass units.
The bottom number is the atomic number, which tells you how many protons are in the nucleus. This number is very important because it is unique for atoms of a given element.
By definition, atoms have no overall electrical charge. That means that there must be a balance between the positively charged protons and the negatively charged electrons. Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and electrons. |
|
|
Term
| Sometimes the number of particles in an atom can change. If the number of electrons in an atom is changed, the protons and electrons are no longer in balance, so the atom becomes a? |
|
Definition
| Charged particle, also known as an ion. |
|
|
Term
| If the number of protons in an atom is changed, the atom becomes? |
|
Definition
| A completely different element. |
|
|
Term
| Atoms with fewer or more neutrons than protons are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Describe what is happening in each panel? |
|
Definition
1. The lithium atom lost an electron, making the positively charged protons outnumber the electrons and so the lithium atom becomes a positively charged lithium ion.
2. One of the neutrons becomes a proton changing the element of this atom from carbon to nitrogen. The mass stays the same.
3. The helium atom gained a neutron and became a helium ion. |
|
|
Term
A molecule is a particle of what?
|
|
Definition
| A molecule is a particle made of two or more atoms bonded together. If the atoms are the same type, then the molecule is classified as an element. |
|
|
Term
A molecule made up of atoms of the same type it's classified as a what?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A molecule made up of two or more different types of atoms is called a? |
|
Definition
A compound. A compound is made of two or more elements that have been chemically bonded.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
The box on the left should be labeled Element. The box on the right should be labeled Compound. Elements can be both single atoms or molecules of the same atom. Compounds are molecules made up of two or more elements that have been chemically bonded. |
|
|
Term
| There are over 100 different elements, each with a unique arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Scientists use what to arrange elements by their atomic number? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each square of the periodic table supplies four important facts. What are they? |
|
Definition
1. The atomic number
2. Element's symbol
3. Element's name.
4. Atomic mass.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| In the periodic table, elements are organized according to their? |
|
Definition
Physical and chemical properties. Metals with similar properties are grouped together on the left side of the table. Nonmetals are grouped on the right side of the table.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Chemical properties includes what? |
|
Definition
| Flammability, combustability, and reactivity with other chemicals. These properties are observed when one substance interacts with another substance. |
|
|
Term
| A physical property includes what? |
|
Definition
| A physical property can be noted without observing how the substance interacts with others. Color, melting point, and density are a few examples. |
|
|
Term
| Define density with regard to the physical properties of a substance. |
|
Definition
Density is the relationship between a substance's mass and its volume.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| How is density determined? |
|
Definition
| Density of a substance is determined by the mass, size and arrangement of its atoms. Objects with the same volume but different mass will have different densities. |
|
|
Term
| Metals vs nonmetals.[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States of matter are considered physical properties. |
|
|
Term
| Define solids with regard to states of matter. |
|
Definition
| Solids have particles packed in a regular pattern and are dense. There is very little space between the particles. Most metals, such as gold and silver, are in a solid state at room temperature. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a solid is heated? |
|
Definition
| Its particles gain energy and expand. When the particles reach the melting point they break away from their positions and enter a liquid state. |
|
|
Term
| Define a liquid with regard to states of matter. |
|
Definition
| Liquids take the shape of the container in which they are placed, meaning that the particles are not in a fixed position. Liquids are less dense than solids because there is a small amount of space between the particles. Mercury (a metal) and bromine (nonmetal) are in a liquid state at room temperature. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a liquid is heated? |
|
Definition
| The liquid's particles gain energy and expand. Once they reach the boiling point, the particles change state into a gas. When the particles contain even more energy, evaporation can take place. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a liquid is cooled? |
|
Definition
| When the liquids are cooled, they can solidify and enter a solid state. |
|
|
Term
| Define gases with regard to states of matter. |
|
Definition
| Gases have very low densities because there are huge amounts of space between the particles. Gases are easily compressed and have no shape, filling up whatever space is available as the particles move around. Many nonmetals, including helium, oxyge3n, and hydrogen, are in a gas state at room temperature. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a gas is cooled? |
|
Definition
| When a gas is cooled the particles lose energy causing them to move more slowly and closer together until the gas becomes a liquid. This change of state is called condensation. |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate density? |
|
Definition
| Density is calculated by dividing the mass by the volume. |
|
|
Term
| The density of a metal with a volume of 30 milliliters and a mass of 120 kilograms is ____________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following elements is NOT a solid at room temperature?
A. gold
B. silver
C. mercury
D. nickel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which change of state occurs when a liquid is cooled and the particles lose energy and stop moving?
A. liquefaction
B. solidification
C. evaporation
D. condensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define a chemical formula. |
|
Definition
| A chemical formula is a way to represent a compound. It is a combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound. For example, the formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. |
|
|
Term
| How to read a chemical formula. |
|
Definition
| The subscript numbers in a formula show the ratio of the atoms of different elements in that compound. In the case of carbon dioxide CO2, for every 1 atom of carbon there are 2 atoms of oxygen in the compound. If a letter symbol such as the C for carbon does not have a subscript, the number one is understood. |
|
|
Term
| Which atoms does the compound H2O consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chemical equations? |
|
Definition
| Chemical equations summarize what happens in chemical reactions. They tell you what substances you begin with (the reactants) and what substances you end with (the products.) The number of reactants and products can vary, depending on the reaction. |
|
|
Term
| Iron (Fe) reacts with sulfur (S) to produce iron sulfide. What does the product look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is conservation of mass? |
|
Definition
Conservation of mass is the principle that during a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. In other words, the amount of matter involved does not change. The total mass of the reactants will always equal to the total mass of the products.
[image]
In the example above, all atoms present at the start are still present at the end. There is one atom of iron on the reactant side, and one atom of iron on the product side. The same is true for sulfur. |
|
|
Term
| How to balance chemical equations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a limiting reactant? |
|
Definition
A limiting reactant is the reactant that gets used up first and prevents more product from being made.
Suppose you have 4 hydrogen molecules and 1 oxygen molecule. Can you make four water molecules (H2O?) No, because you will run out of oxygen before you run out of hydrogen. Oxygen is the limiting reactant. |
|
|
Term
| What is a synthesis reaction? |
|
Definition
| A synthesis reaction is one in which two or more substances combine to make a more complex substance. |
|
|
Term
| What is a decomposition reaction? |
|
Definition
A decomposition reaction happens when compounds are broken down into simpler products. An example is the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is a replacement reaction? |
|
Definition
A replacement reaction occurs when one element replaces another in a compound, or when two elements in different compounds trade places. An example of replacement reaction can be seen when rock that contains copper oxide is heated in the presence of charcoal, which is pure carbon, to obtain copper. The carbon found in the charcoal replaces the copper in the copper oxide to form carbon dioxide and copper metal.
[image] |
|
|
Term
Iron oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide.
[image]
They are just looking for the correct format. Put the arrow and plus signs in the right place so the problem makes sense. |
|
Definition
| D. iron oxide + carbon monoxide > iron + carbon dioxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Iron oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide.
Which type of equation is described?
A. limiting
B. synthesis
C. replacement
D. decomposition |
|
Definition
| C. The equation is a replacement reaction because the iron in iron oxide is displaced. |
|
|
Term
| What is a solution in terms of chemistry? |
|
Definition
| A solution is a homogenous (same throughout) mixture of two or more substances in which the particles are very small (from 0 to 100 nanometers.) The substance can be solids, liquids, or gases. Air is a solution that includes dissolved water vapor in a mixture made up of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and various other gases. Metal alloys such as sterling silver are also solutions. |
|
|
Term
| How many parts to a solution in terms of chemistry and what are they? |
|
Definition
| Two parts. The first is the substance that is dissolved, called the solute, usually present in a smaller amount than the substance in which it is dissolved. The second is the solvent, the substance that does the dissolving and is usually present in a greater amount. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common solvent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In solutions where water is the solvent, the mixture formed is called a(n) what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a mixture of sugar and water, which part is the solute, the solvent, and the solution? |
|
Definition
Water is the solvent, sugar is the solute, and the solution is the sugar water combination.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of a solution mean? |
|
Definition
| The concentration of a solution refers to how much of the solute is dissolved in the liquid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a certain amount of solvent at a given temperature. |
|
|
Term
| As temperature rises, do most solids increase or decrease in solubility? |
|
Definition
Most solids increase in solubility.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| As temperature rises, do most gases increase or decrease in solubility? |
|
Definition
Most gases decrease in solubility.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| A true aqueous solution appears clear or cloudy? |
|
Definition
| Clear. If there are undissolved particles the solution will be cloudy. |
|
|
Term
| What is saturation in terms of solubility? |
|
Definition
| Saturation is the point at which a solution can dissolve no more of that substance and any additional amounts of it will appear as undissolved particles. |
|
|
Term
| How many degrees of saturation are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three degrees of saturation. |
|
Definition
Unsaturated : If you add more solute to the liquid, it would keep dissolving.
Saturated: The liquid has dissolved the maximum amount of solute that is possible at that temperature.
Ex: Adding sugar past the saturation point to a cup of tea would mean the excess sugar would not dissolve and collect at the bottom of the cup.
Supersaturated: The liquid contains more solute than it can theoretically dissolve at a given temperature.
Ex: This occurs if you have a very hot saturated solution and slowly cool it down. The solubility of the solute decreases as the solution cools. Hot solutions can dissolve more than cold solutions. These solutions are not stable and crystallize readily. |
|
|
Term
| Solutions can be described as weak or strong. What does dilute mean? |
|
Definition
| Dilute means that a small amount of solute is dissolved in the solvent. |
|
|
Term
| Solutions can be described as weak or strong. What does concentrated mean? |
|
Definition
| Concentrated means that there is a lot of solute dissolved in the solvent. |
|
|
Term
| Acidity, alkalinity, or neutrality are also described in terms of strength. The scale of numbers that describes their strength is called the what? |
|
Definition
| pH scale. The pH numbers range from 0 to 14. |
|
|
Term
| Solutions that are acidic are what number or less on the pH scale? |
|
Definition
| Solutions with pH numbers less than 7 are considered acidic. The closer to 1 they get, the more acidic they get. An example is citrus juice. |
|
|
Term
| Solutions that are alkaline are what number or more on the pH scale>? |
|
Definition
| Solutions with pH numbers more than 7 are considered alkaline. The closer to 14 they get, the more alkaline they get. An example is milk. |
|
|
Term
| A solution with a pH of exactly 7 is considered? |
|
Definition
| A solution is neutral if it sits right at 7, the middle of the pH scale. Example: water. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT an example of a solution?
A. water
B. gasoline
C. salt water
D. 14-karat gold |
|
Definition
| A. Water is a single substance rather than a homogenous mixture of substances. It is commonly the solvent in solutions. |
|
|
Term
A dilute solution of lemon juice with a pH of 1.5 would be classified as a?
A. neutral.
B. weak acid.
C. strong acid.
D. weak alkali. |
|
Definition
| C. Strong acid. The smaller the number on the pH scale, the stronger the acid. Therefore, lemon juice with a pH of 1.5 is a strong acid. |
|
|
Term
Label each one correctly.[image]
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy is simply described as the ability to do work. |
|
|
Term
| Energy exists in many forms, name six. |
|
Definition
Chemical energy: stored in a substance's chemical bonds.
Electrical energy: carried in electical charges.
Radiant energy: carried in electromagnetic waves, like light.
Mechanical energy: related to an object's motion and position.
Nuclear energy: stored in the nuclei of a substance's atoms.
Thermal energy: related to a substance's temperature. |
|
|
Term
| What is potential energy? |
|
Definition
| Potential energy is the stored energy an object has because of its position or state. A bicycle on top of a hill, a book held over your head, and a stretched spring all have potential energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinetic ene3rgy is energy that an object has because of its motion. |
|
|
Term
| An objects total mechanical energy can be determined by? |
|
Definition
| Adding its potential energy to its kinetic energy. |
|
|
Term
| Energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be? |
|
Definition
| Converted (transformed) from one form to another. For ex: During photosynthesis plants convert sunlight (radiant energy) into food (chemical energy.) |
|
|
Term
To determine the best location in a greenhouse to grow seedlings, a gardener places seedlings in various locations. She puts 2 seedlings by a north-facing window, 2 seedlings by an east-facing window, and 2 in the center of the greenhouse. The gardener measures the height of each plant every 3 days. After 2 weeks, the gardener compares the growth of the plants in each location.
1. Complete the gardener’s hypothesis with a type of energy from the section.
The rate of a seedling’s growth is affected by the amount of _______________________ energy it is exposed to. |
|
Definition
| A. Radiant energy, i.e. sunlight. |
|
|
Term
For each energy transformation indicate the forms of energy involved.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are waves in terms of energy? |
|
Definition
Energy can be transported by oscillations (repetitive movements) called waves. Waves can travel through substances or empty space. The following diagram shows the two types of wave motion.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of wave motion in reference to energy? |
|
Definition
[image]
Transverse and longitudinal.
Notice both waves in the diagram are traveling from left to right. The type of wave produced depends on how the substance's particles move. |
|
|
Term
| Describe a transverse wave and how it moves. |
|
Definition
| A transverse wave is a wave wherein the particles move up and down. The direction of a transverse wave is always perpendicular to the movement of the particles. Think about a jump rope. If one person whips one end of the jump rope up and down while the other holds the other end steady, a transverse wave will ripple through the jump rope. |
|
|
Term
| Light energy is transferred by what kind of wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a longitudinal wave and how it moves. |
|
Definition
| If particles move backward and forward, a longitudinal wave is produced. The direction of a longitudinal wave is always parallel to the movement of the particles. Think about a toy spring. If one person quicly compresses one end of the spring while another person holds the other end steady, a longitudinal wave will ripple through the spring. |
|
|
Term
| Sound energy is transferred by what kind of wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important characteristics of waves? |
|
Definition
| Wavelength and frequency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
Wavelength is the distance between corresponding parts of a wave.
Notice on the transverse wave in the diagram that the wavelength is measured from one crest to the next crest. The wavelength of a transverse wave can also be measured from trough to trough or between two corresponding points on the wave.
On a longitudinal wave the wavelength is measured from compression to compression. |
|
|
Term
| What is does frequency mean in terms of waves of energy? |
|
Definition
[image]
Frequency is the number of wavelengths that pass a specific point per second. In general, the higher a wave's frequency the more energy it carries. Look at the following diagram. Each graph shows a total time of 1 second. The top graph shows a wave that produces 6 wavelengths per second. The bottom graph shows a wave that produces 3 wavelengths per second. Since the top wave’s frequency is twice the bottom wave’s frequency, the top wave carries twice as much energy. Notice the wavelength. In general a shorter wavelength means more frequency, which means more energy transferred. |
|
|
Term
| What is electromagnetic radiation? |
|
Definition
| Electromagnetic radiation is energy that is produced by the movement of electrically charged particles. |
|
|
Term
| What are the seven types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their wavelength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each type of electromagnetic radiation has a unique set of uses based on wavelength. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous type of electromagnetic radiation, in general? |
|
Definition
| Electromagnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength is generally more dangerous, but prolonged exposure to any type of electromagnetic radiation can be damaging to your health. |
|
|
Term
[image]
Using the dot as the starting point, place an X on the wave to indicate one wavelength. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Visible light has an approximate frequency of 300,000 gHz or higher. Based on its frequency, the wave in the diagram represent which type of wave. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: A. The frequency of the wave shown is 3 gHz, much less than the frequency of visible light. Radio waves have a lower frequency than visible light waves. |
|
|
Term
Which type of radiation would be most appropriate to boil water?
A. visible light
B. ultraviolet
C. gamma rays
D. microwaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The particles that make up any substance are constantly moving. Temperature s the measure of the average speed of the particles in a substance. |
|
|
Term
| In general, name the relative speeds of particles moving through solids, liquids, and gas. |
|
Definition
| Particles move slowest in a solid, faster in a liquid, and fastest in a gas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heat is the transfer of energy between substances based on the difference in the substances' temperatures.
Energy is always transferred from a substance with a higher temperature to a substance with a lower temperature. |
|
|
Term
| Heat can be transferred in three ways, name them. |
|
Definition
Convection, conduction, and radiation.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is conduction in reference to heat? |
|
Definition
[image]
Conduction transfers heat between two substances that are directly touching. When you touch a hot pot handle, the heat transfers directly from the handle to your hand. |
|
|
Term
| In conduction, the energy will continue to transfer until what? |
|
Definition
| The two temperatures are equal. |
|
|
Term
| What is convection in reference to heat? |
|
Definition
[image]
Convection transfers heat by the movement of a liquid or gas. Look at the water in the diagram. As the water in the bottom of the pot gets warmer, it gets less dense. The less dense warm water moves towards the top of the pot, and the denser cool water moves to the bottom. This movement creates currents that circulate the heat throughout the water. |
|
|
Term
| What is radiation in reference to heat? |
|
Definition
[image]
Radiation transfers heat by electromagnetic waves rather than through contact or movement of substances. As shown in the diagram, heat radiation from a fire can be felt without actually touching the fire itself. |
|
|
Term
When a coffee mug is taken out of the cabinet, it is cool to the touch. A few seconds after hot coffee is poured into the mug, the mug begins to feel warm to the touch.
Which type of heat transfer is occurring between the coffee and the mug?
A. radiation
B. convection
C. conduction
D. none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement best explains why the mug feels hot?
A. The air transfers energy to the mug.
B. The air transfers energy to the coffee.
C. The mug transfers energy to the coffee.
D. The coffee transfers energy to the mug. |
|
Definition
| D. The coffee transfers energy to the mug. |
|
|
Term
| Define endothermic reactions. |
|
Definition
[image]
When the amount of energy before and after the reaction is different. When products contain more total energy than the original reactants, the reaction is endothermic. |
|
|
Term
| An endothermic reaction must absorb what? |
|
Definition
| Endothermic reactions must absorb energy (heat) from the environment. For this reason the reaction makes the container in which it occurs feel cold. Instant cold packs are an example; they contain two chemicals that undergo an endothermic reaction when the barrier between them is broken. |
|
|
Term
| What is an exothermic reaction? |
|
Definition
[image]
In an exothermic reaction, the products contain less total energy than the original reactants. |
|
|
Term
| Exothermic reactions make the surroundings feel warm because? |
|
Definition
| Exothermic reactions release energy (heat) into the environment. You can feel the heat coming from a fire because the burning (oxidation) of fuels, such as wood, is an exothermic reaction. |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction because plants must absorb ___ from the sun in order for the reaction to occur. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: energy. Endothermic reactions, like photosynthesis, must absorb energy from the environment. Because energy is absorbed, the products of an endothermic reaction contain more energy than the original reactants. |
|
|
Term
| Respiration is an __ reaction because it releases energy for cells to use. |
|
Definition
| Exothermic. Exothermic reactions, like respiration, release energy into the environment. In the case of respiration, the environment is the cell where the reaction takes place. |
|
|
Term
Common energy sources that we use everyday.
[image] |
|
Definition
| Burning fossil fuels releases smog and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Oil spills can also cause major damage to ecosystems. Nuclear power plants can provide a lot of energy, but they produce radioactive waste. Solar energy produces little, if any, pollution, but it produces a relatively small amount of energy. |
|
|
Term
| Name the three energy sources that come from fossil fuels. |
|
Definition
| Coal, natural gas, and petroleum. |
|
|
Term
| Name the energy that comes from radioactive atoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the energy that comes from sunlight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two renewable energy sources. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can speed be calculated? |
|
Definition
Speed is calculated by dividing distance by time.
v = d/t
Note that speed is represented by a lowercase v in the equation. This is because the equation can be used to calculate both speed and velocity. Velocity is speed in a specific direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Velocity is the speed of something traveling in a specific direction.
[image]
Whether a car is traveling toward location B or back toward location A, its speed remains 40mph. The car's velocity, however, changes when the car's direction changes. The car has a velocity of positive 40 mph when traveling toward location B, but negative 40 mph when traveling back to location A. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acceleration describes any change in an object's velocity. If an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction, it's accelerating. |
|
|
Term
| How can you calculate an object's acceleration? |
|
Definition
Subtract its original (old) speed from its final final (new) speed and dividing the time it took to change between speeds. The acceleration equation is as follows:
acceleration = (final velocity - original velocity) / time.
a = (v2-v1) / t
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Momentum the product of an object's mass and velocity when it's moving.
momentum = mass * velocity
p = m * v |
|
|
Term
| The larger an object is and the faster it moves the greater its ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When objects collide, what happens to their momentum? |
|
Definition
[image]
When objects collide they transfer momentum to one another, which changes their velocitiesNotice that the total combined momentum of the two cars, however, does not change. Like energy, momentum cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between objects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change in its motion. Objects that are at rest tend to stay at rest. Objects in motion tend to stay in motion. |
|
|
Term
[image]
The object represented in the graph was moving with a speed of __ miles per minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What type of acceleration is demonstrated by the object in the graph?
A. speeding up
B. slowing down
C. no acceleration
D. changing direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3. Which object has the greatest momentum: a 60-gram tennis ball traveling at 20 meters per second or a 600-gram basketball traveling at 2 meters per second?
A. the basketball
B. the tennis ball
C. neither ball has momentum
D. their momentum is the same |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: D. For the tennis ball, 60 g × 20 m/ s = 1200 g m/ s. For the basketball, 600 g × 2 m/ s = 1200 g m/ s. The tennis ball has a small mass but travels quickly, while the basketball has a large mass and travels slowly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you push or pull on something you exert a force. All objects exert forces on one another. Most objects have multiple forces acting on them at the same time. |
|
|
Term
| Balanced forces don't affect an object's __? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unbalances forces cause an object to? |
|
Definition
| Accelerate (speed up, slow down, or change direction.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the first law of Sir Isaac Newton's motion? |
|
Definition
| The law of inertia: An object at rest will stay at rest. An object in motion will continue moving with the same velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. |
|
|
Term
| What is the second law of Sir Isaac Newton's motion? |
|
Definition
| F = ma: An object's acceleration depends on its mass and the net force applied to it. This relationship is represented by the equation force = mass * acceleration. |
|
|
Term
| What is the third law of Sir Isaac Newton's motion? |
|
Definition
| Action = reaction: If an object exerts force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal force back on the first object. |
|
|
Term
| Sir Isaac Newton also identified the law of universal gravitation. What is the law of universal gravitation? |
|
Definition
This law says that every object attracts every other object with a force determined by the objects' masses and the distance between them. The name for this force is gravity.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Which of Newton's laws explain why the moon orbits the Earth and the Earth orbits the sun? |
|
Definition
| The law of universal gravitation. The force of gravity keeps the smaller object orbiting around the larger object. |
|
|
Term
| Describe free fall with regards to gravity? |
|
Definition
| When the only force acting upon an object is gravity, the object is in free fall. An object in free fall accelerates, or continually speeds up, as it falls towards the ground at a constant rate of approximately 9.8 m/s^2. |
|
|
Term
| True free fall can't happen inside the Earth's atmosphere because? |
|
Definition
| The force of air resistance is always working against gravity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of matter in an object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weight measures the force of gravity on an object. On Earth your mass and weight are the same, in space however, weight depends on location (how much gravity is working on your body.) Your mass would remain the same. |
|
|
Term
Which law can be used to determine the amount of thrust required to cause the airplane to accelerate at a certain rate?
A. first law of motion
B. third law of motion
C. second law of motion
D. law of universal gravitation |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: C. Newton’s second law of motion, or F = m × a, can be used to determine how much thrust is required to achieve a certain acceleration. Multiplying the plane’s mass by the desired acceleration will give the required force (thrust). |
|
|
Term
| In science, work refers to? |
|
Definition
| Work is what happens when a force causes an object to move a distance. For example, if there are two boxes, one empty and one full of books, and you push on both but only the empty one moves, you did work on the empty box. But only the empty box, since the full box did not move, even though you may have exerted more force on it. |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate work? |
|
Definition
The amount of work done on an object is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the distance the object moves.
work = force * distance
w = F * d |
|
|
Term
| What are simple machines? |
|
Definition
| Simple machines make work easier, usually by reducing the applied force necessary at the expense of the distance over which that force is applied. When you use a simple machine the amount of work you do stays the same but the force you exert changes. |
|
|
Term
| There are how many types of simple machines? |
|
Definition
| There are six types of simple machines. |
|
|
Term
| Name the six types of simple machines and their functions. |
|
Definition
Inclined plane: A flat surface placed at an angle. Load can be pushed or rolled up and down. E.g. a ramp.
Lever: A board or bar that pivots on a support called a fulcrum. Load is moved by applying force to part of the lever. E.g. a seesaw.
Pulley: A rope wrapped around one or more wheels. Load can be attached to rope or wheel an lifted. E.g. a crane.
Screw: An inclined plane wraped around a lever. Turning a screw moves it up and down.
Wedge: An inclined plane that moves. A wedge is used to split objects. E.g. an ax.
Wheel and axle: A wheel with a rod through it. Load can be attached to the axle and moved. E.g. a doorknob. |
|
|
Term
| A screw moves downwards as you turn it clockwise. This is because simple machines can change the __ of your force. |
|
Definition
Simple machines can change the direction of your force.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| It is easier to turn a screw into a piece of wood than to push the screw straight into the wood. This is an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is easier to use a wedge to separate a block of wood (e.g. by swinging an axe) than to pull the wood apart with your hands. This is an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a machine's mechanical advantage? |
|
Definition
| Some simple machines changes the amount of force you need to apply. If the force that comes out of a machine (output force) is greater than the amount you apply to the machine (input force,) then the machine is said to amplify force. A mechanical advantage tells you how much the machine amplifies force. |
|
|
Term
| Think about the work equation, w = F × d. Remember that simple machines cannot change the total amount of work done. If you want to reduce the amount of (input) force, there must be a trade-off. To do the same amount of work using less force, the distance traveled must increase. Look at the ramp example shown. Lifting the box directly up would require less distance, but more force. Using a ramp increases the total distance you move the box, but it lets you use less force. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Power is the amount of work a machine can do in a certain amount of time. The faster a machine performs work, the greater its power. A machines power can be calculated by dividing the amount of work it does by the amount of time it takes for it to perform the work.
power = work / time
p = w / t |
|
|
Term
Connect the type of simple machine with the correct item. Some names will not be used.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A simple machine that requires half the input force requires you to travel _________________ the distance. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: double. A simple machine does not change the amount of work done. If a simple machine decreases the amount of input force, it must also increase the distance used proportionally. |
|
|
Term
Thermite is used to cut or weld steel.
The thermite reaction is an example of which type of reaction?
A. synthesis
B. exothermic
C. endothermic
D. decomposition |
|
Definition
| B. Exothermic. It gives off heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientists use three major types of evidence when determining the age of the Earth and objects on Earth. Name them. |
|
Definition
| Landforms, fossils, and radiometric dating. |
|
|
Term
| What are landforms and how do they help determine age? |
|
Definition
| Landforms are the natural features of the Earth's surfaces. The processes that build up and wear down landforms today are the same processes that have been at work throughout the Earth's history. Understanding these processes allows scientists to learn about the Earth's history just by looking at the structure and composition of the landforms. Ex. sedimentary rock. |
|
|
Term
| What are fossils and how do they help determine age? |
|
Definition
| Fossils are remains (shells or bones) or evidence (imprints) left behind by dead organisms. Fossils are most often found in sedimentary rock. As shown in the diagram, the age of a fossil can be determined by looking at the layer it is found in. The opposite is also true. Finding a fossil whose age is already known can provide information about the layer it's found in. |
|
|
Term
| What is radiometric (or radioactive) dating and how does it help determine age? |
|
Definition
| Each element has a specific number of protons in its nucleus. Some elements have radioactive isotopes, or versions that turn into another element by losing a proton. The amount of time it takes half of an isotope's atoms to change into another element is called the half-life. By looking at the amount of time it takes for the atoms to change we can calculate the age of the item. Radiometric dating provides the exact, or absolute age, of objects on Earth. |
|
|
Term
| Which isotopes are used in radiometric dating? |
|
Definition
| Carbon-14 and uranium-235 are radioactive isotopes used by scientists in radiometric dating. |
|
|
Term
[image]
A fossil found in layer C is
A. older than a fossil found in layer E.
B. younger than a fossil found in layer A.
C. the same age as a fossil found in layer D.
D. the same age as other fossils found in layer C. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: D. Fossils found within the same sedimentary rock layer are considered to have the same relative age. When the sediment becomes compressed into rock, the fossil remains of organisms that died around the same time are preserved within the rock. |
|
|
Term
| Complete the statement with a number based on the information in the section. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years. After 5,730 years an object originally containing 100 carbon-14 atoms can be expected to have about ____________________ carbon-14 atoms left. |
|
Definition
| 50. Halflife means half. 100/2 = 50 |
|
|
Term
| The sun is a star at the center of our solar system, why? |
|
Definition
| Remember that all objects exert gravitational force on one another. Since the sun is the largest object in the solar system, gravity keeps all other objects orbiting around it. |
|
|
Term
| The planets in our solar system are sometimes broken up into two groups. What are they? |
|
Definition
| The four smaller planets located closest to the sun all have rocky surfaces and are called terrestrial planets. The four larger planets located father from ther sun all have gaseous surfaces and are called gas giants. |
|
|
Term
| Recently a new category of planet was created called dwarf planets, or minor planets. Which planet is an example of this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An natural object in space that orbits a planet is called a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An asteroid is a large and irregular shaped chunk of rock. |
|
|
Term
| Where can you find most asteroids? |
|
Definition
| Although asteroids exist throughout the solar system, most are found in a band called the asteroid belt. The asteroid belt separates the gas giants from the terrestrial planets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comets are mad up of frozen gases and dust particles, and are usually smaller than asteroids. |
|
|
Term
| Describe a comet's movement throughout the solar system. |
|
Definition
| Some comets orbit the sun continuously, like Halley's Comet. Others orbit the sun and then travel off into space. |
|
|
Term
| The Earth creates one revolution around the sun every how many days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The daily rises and falls of the ocean are called tides. How many do shorelines experience every day? |
|
Definition
| Shorelines experience 2 high tides and two low tides everyday. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
The pull of the moon's gravity as Earth rotates on its axis.
The key to understanding how the tides work is understanding the relationship between the motion of our planet and the Moon and Sun. As the Earth spins on its own axis, ocean water is kept at equal levels around the planet by the Earth's gravity pulling inward and centrifugal force pushing outward.
However, the Moon's gravitational forces are strong enough to disrupt this balance by accelerating the water towards the Moon. This causes the water to 'bulge.' As the Moon orbits our planet and as the Earth rotates, the bulge also moves. The areas of the Earth where the bulging occurs experience high tide, and the other areas are subject to a low tide.
Water on the opposite side of Earth facing away from the Moon also bulges outward (high tide), but for a different and interesting reason: in reality, the Moon and the Earth revolve together around a common gravitational center between them, or center of mass. Here's a rough but helpful analogy: picture yourself swinging a heavy object attached to a rope around your body as you rotate. You have to lean back to compensate, which puts the center of mass between you and the object. With the Earth-Moon system, gravity is like a rope that pulls or keeps the two bodies together, and centrifugal force is what keeps them apart. Because the centrifugal force is greater than the Moon's gravitational pull, ocean water on the opposite side of the Earth bulges outward. |
|
|
Term
| When both the moon and the sun align they pull the ocean in the same direction causing what's called? |
|
Definition
| Spring tides, which are extra high and low tides.[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of eclipses? |
|
Definition
Solar and lunar. An eclipse happens when one object in space blocks light from reaching another object. A solar eclipse is when the moon blocks sunlight from reaching the Earth. A lunar eclipse is when the Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| When the sun and moon are perpendicular to each other they pull the ocean in different directions which causes a? |
|
Definition
Neap tide. This causes only minor differences in low and high tides.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Earth is classified as a ____________________ planet because it has a ____________________ surface. |
|
Definition
| Earth is classified as a terrestrial planet because it has a rocky surface. |
|
|
Term
The daily cycle of night and day is caused by?
A. Earth's rotation
B. Earth's revolution.
C. the moon's revolution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The total matter and energy that exists. The universe contains all the solar systems and other objects. The universe is estimated to contain at least a billion other galaxies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ball of gas that produces its own light and heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A constellation is a recognized pattern of stars in the night sky. Due to Earth's orbit, different constellations are visible at different times of the year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A galaxy is a group of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity. Our solar system is part of the Milky Way Galaxy, along with about 200 billion other stars. |
|
|
Term
| Name the three shapes galaxies take. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Big Bang Theory? |
|
Definition
| Scientists believe that 10 to 20 billion years ago, all the matter and energy in the universe was once contained in an area the size of an atom. An enormous explosion caused the matter and energy to rapidly expand outward, creating the universe. Scientists believe the universe has been expanding ever since. |
|
|
Term
| What are the first stages in a star's life cycle? |
|
Definition
| A star forms in a cloud of dust and gas called a nebula. Gravity causes some gas and dust to pull inward, forming a protostar. A protostar then turns into a main sequence star. A star spends most of its life as a main sequence star. Sometimes a protostar is too massive to become a main sequence star so these supergiant stars explode into what is called a supernova. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When hydrogen atoms (H) and helium atoms (He) fuse they produce heat and light. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a star dies? |
|
Definition
| A star dies when it runs out of hydrogen. A main sequence star will become a white dwarf, then a black dwarf when it stops glowing. Supergiant stars that have become supernovas can result in black holes. |
|
|
Term
The death of a supergiant star can result in a
A. nebula
B. main sequence star
C. white dwarf
D. black hole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many layers make up the Earth's interior? |
|
Definition
Three: The crust, mantle, and the core.
[image]
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of the crust? |
|
Definition
| Less than 1% of the Earth's mass, consisting of broken rock reaching a depth of up to 30 kilometers and temperatures ranging from 300-500 kelvin. |
|
|
Term
| The crust that lies beneath the ocean is referred to as? |
|
Definition
| Oceanic crust. It mostly consists of basalt rock, a dense, finely textured rock. |
|
|
Term
| The crust that covers the continents is called? |
|
Definition
| Continental crust. It mostly consists of granite, a lighter less dense rock with larger crystals than those in basalt. |
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of the mantle? |
|
Definition
| Makes up about 70% of Earth's mass. Is in a plastic state, and ranges from 30 to 3030 kilometers in depth. Temperature ranges from 500-3000 kelvin. |
|
|
Term
| Underneath the crust there is a boundary of hot rock called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mantle is composed of? |
|
Definition
| Silicate rocks that contain lots of iron, nickel, and magnesium. |
|
|
Term
| The upper most part of the mantle and crust form what? |
|
Definition
| A rigid layer called the lithosphere. |
|
|
Term
| What is below the lithosphere? |
|
Definition
| Below the lithosphere, temperature and pressure increase with depth. This added heat and pressure results in less rigid rock that is somewhat bendable and plastic-like. The asthenosphere is a soft layer of the mantle where material can flow freely. |
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of the Earth's core? |
|
Definition
| The core consists of about 30% of the Earth's mass extending from 3030 to 6370 meters in depth. The core exists in a semi-liquid state at about 3000 to 5300 degrees Kelvin. |
|
|
Term
| The Earth's core consists of two parts, name them. |
|
Definition
| A molten liquid outer core and a solid, dense inner core. Both parts are made up of metals like iron and nickel. Together the inner and outer cores are just slightly smaller than the moon. |
|
|
Term
| What are the tectonic plates? |
|
Definition
Te tectonic plates are parts of the Earth's crust that come together in seven primary sections.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Describe how tectonic plates move? |
|
Definition
| Tectonic plates slowly move, or float, on the mantle by means of convection currents. These are hot currents of molten rock that cause the plates above them to move 1 or 2 centimeters each year. |
|
|
Term
| The motion of the tectonic plates explains what? |
|
Definition
| The formation of ocean basins, mountains, and continental shelves. |
|
|
Term
| What are continental shelves? |
|
Definition
| Continental shelves are gently sloping, shallow section of the ocean floor that extend outward from the edge of a continent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ocean basins are cast geologic regions below sea level that cover nearly 75 percent of Earth's surface. Ocean basins contain features such as deep-sea trenches and mountain-like ocean ridges.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Name the different types of tectonic plate boundaries. |
|
Definition
| Transform, divergent, and convergent. |
|
|
Term
| What is a transform boundary in regards to tectonic plates? |
|
Definition
| In transform boundaries one plate is sliding past another. |
|
|
Term
| What is a divergent boundary in regards to tectonic plates? |
|
Definition
| A divergent boundary is one where two plates are pulling apart. |
|
|
Term
| What is a convergent boundary in regards to tectonic plates? |
|
Definition
| A convergent boundary is where two plates are colliding with each other. The relative densities of the two plates determine which plate comes out on top. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One tectonic plate slides on top of another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
[image]
Fold mountains are created when the collision of two tectonic plates squeeze together and layers of rock are slowly pushed toward each other to rise upwards in folds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trenches are created when one plate is forced down into the mantle beneath a second plate. In areas where trenches are created, volcanoes can occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A volcano is a weak spot in the Earth's crust. When heat deep beneath the surface melts the plate material that was forced down, molten rock called magma is sent to the surface. Magma that reaches the surface is called lava. |
|
|
Term
| Earthquakes are caused by? |
|
Definition
| Two tectonic plates sliding past one another causing the shifting and breaking of the surface rocks. The break in the crust where earthquakes can occur is called a fault line, and this usually happens along plate boundaries. |
|
|
Term
What kind of mountain forms when two layers of rock are slowly pushed towards each other?
A. earthquake
B. ocean basin
C. fold mountains
D. volcanic trench |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Crust
2) Mantle
3) Outer core
4) Inner core |
|
|
Term
| What is the greenhouse effect? |
|
Definition
| Gases in the Earth's atmosphere that trap heat from the sun and help support life in the troposphere. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. |
|
|
Term
| The air around is is part of the troposphere layer. What does it contain? |
|
Definition
| A mixture of gases including 78% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases including hydrogen and carbon dioxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The steadily increasing temperatures over the last century. Global warming is the gradual increase in the temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms O3. The ozone layer works as a protective blanket in the stratosphere, filtering harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun before they reach Earth. |
|
|
Term
| Scientists believe what is causing the ozone layer to thin? |
|
Definition
| A compound known as cholorfluorocarbons, or CFCs, that were widely used in refrigerators air conditioners, and spray cans until the late 1980s. Unlike most chemical compounds released into the air, CFCs do not break down easily or quickly. They last for decades, and when coming in contact with UV they transform into chlorine atoms which break down ozone into oxygen atoms. |
|
|
Term
| Different kinds of pollution sources. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What chemicals are the major cause of the depletion of ozone?
A. hydrocarbons
B. carbon dioxide
C. nitrogen dioxide
D. chlorine compounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientists think that gases from the Earth's core were expelled from volcanoes and formed what? |
|
Definition
The atmosphere.
[image][image] TSMTIE = Troposphere = people, clouds, and weather; Stratosphere = winds and jets; Mesosphere = cold, and space stations; Thermosphere = hot from solar energy; Ionosphere = electrified; and Exosphere = magnetic field, radiation belt, outerspace. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two primary agents of change involved in weathering and erosion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weathering is the process of breaking down or dissolving minerals and rocks on the Earth's surface. Water, ice, temperature changes, acid, salt, plants, and animals can all be agents of weathering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erosion is the process of wind, water, and gravity transporting bits of rocks and minerals away once they are broken down by weathering. No rock on Earth's surface is hard enough to resist weathering. |
|
|
Term
| Weathering can be a __ or a __ process. Often the two types work together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is chemical weathering? |
|
Definition
| Chemical weathering occurs when the materials that make up rocks and soil are changed by chemical means. Sometimes carbon dioxide from the soil or air combines with water to produce carbonic acid. This is a weak acid that can dissolve rock and is particularly effective on limestone. Rust, through the process of oxidation, is also an agent of chemical weathering. |
|
|
Term
| What is mechanical weathering? |
|
Definition
| Mechanical (or physical) weathering causes rocks to crumble. One way water weathers rocks is the freeze-thaw process. Water enters cracks in the rock and when the temperature drops the water freezes and expands. This places pressure on the rocks around it causing rocks to crack and split over time. |
|
|
Term
| How is wind an agent of weathering? |
|
Definition
| Wind carries dust, sand, and other small grit particles that repeatedly strike the surface of rocks, resulting in a gradual wearing away of the rock. This process is called wind abrasion and can be compared to sandblasting. |
|
|
Term
| What is wind and how is it caused? |
|
Definition
Wind is the movement and flow of gases on the Earth's surface. It is caused by the uneven heating of the surface by the sun. Winds are generated by differences in atmospheric pressure.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is a low pressure system? |
|
Definition
| Low pressure systems are when hot air rises higher into the atmosphere and flows towards the poles. |
|
|
Term
| What is a high pressure system? |
|
Definition
| A high pressure system is composed of dense, cooler air flowing towards the equator to replace the heated air. |
|
|
Term
| In general, winds blow from? |
|
Definition
| High pressure areas to low pressure areas. |
|
|
Term
| The boundary between a high and low pressure area is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are prevailing winds? |
|
Definition
| Prevailing winds are winds that blow regularly from a single direction over a specific area of Earth. |
|
|
Term
| Areas where prevailing winds meet are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevailing winds usually blow from which directions? |
|
Definition
| Prevailing winds usually blow from east to west rather than north to south because of the Coriolis effect. |
|
|
Term
| Wind systems twist counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere because of? |
|
Definition
[image]
The Earth's rotation. This is called the Coriolis effect. Winds travel along the edges of high and low pressure systems. |
|
|
Term
| The Coriolis effect explained in detail. |
|
Definition
All around the earth, environmental scientists observe fairly steady patterns of wind (or directions of airflow). These prevailing winds, as they’re often called, are the result of the air being moved by convection currents (the Hadley cells at the equator and other convection cells near the poles and mid-latitudes) combined with the Earth’s rotation.
As air moves away from the mid-latitudes toward the poles and toward the equator, it doesn’t move in a straight line relative to the earth’s surface. Rather, it moves in a slightly curved direction as a result of the Earth’s rotation. This phenomenon is called the Coriolis effect.
To help you visualize how the Coriolis effect works, imagine that you’re standing at the North Pole and tossing a baseball toward the equator. While the ball travels through the air, the Earth below it is rotating, so when the ball reaches the equator, it lands in a location somewhere to the west of where you were aiming.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| How much of the Earth is covered by water? |
|
Definition
| 70% of the Earth is covered by water. |
|
|
Term
| What is the salinity of the ocean? |
|
Definition
| The salinity of the ocean is approximately 3.5 percent. This means for every 1000 grams of seawater there are 35 grams of dissolved salts. |
|
|
Term
| What is seawater composed of? |
|
Definition
| The ocean is a mixture of water and salts. The molecules that compose those salts are predominantly chlorine and sodium ions. Other ions found in seawater are sulfates, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. Other ions found in seawater are sulfates, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. Seawater also contains dissolved gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. |
|
|
Term
| Seawater is denser than fresh water because? |
|
Definition
| Dissolved salts add mass without contributing much to the overall volume of the water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Currents are streams of water running through a larger body of water that are set in motion. |
|
|
Term
| Currents can be warm or cold, and affect what? |
|
Definition
| The temperature of a current affects the temperature of the coastal areas towards which it flows. Currents flowing near the surface of the oceans transport warm water from the equator to the poles and cool water back toward the equator. |
|
|
Term
| Does the Coriolis effect affect ocean currents? |
|
Definition
| Yes, the paths of ocean currents are also influenced by this effect. |
|
|
Term
| Ocean food chains are constantly recycled because of the upwelling of the ocean currents. Describe how this happens. |
|
Definition
[image]
When winds push surface water away from the shore, deep currents rise up to take its place. Nutrients from various depths become available to nourish new plankton growth which provides food for fish. |
|
|
Term
| How much of the Earth is covered by water? |
|
Definition
| 70% of the Earth is covered by water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some ocean currents are very large and powerful. The Gulf Stream is a warm surface current that originates in the tropical Caribbean Sea and influences weather patterns all over the globe. Warm-water currents sometimes displace the cold Humboldt Current along the west coast of South America. This phenomenon, called El Nino, can affect weather patterns all over the world. |
|
|
Term
| The ocean has several layers that receive varying amounts of sunlight. Name them. |
|
Definition
The surface zone is the smallest and warmest, reaching down about 200 meters and making up only 5 percent of the ocean's depth.
Beneath it is the twilight zone, making up about 20 percent of the ocean depths. This zone reaches from 200 to 1000 meters in depth. It is cold and dimly lit to dark.
Below the twilight zone is the deep ocean zone, making up 75 percent of the ocean. In this zone there is constant cold and no sunlight. |
|
|
Term
| Where can coral reefs be found? |
|
Definition
| Coral reefs can be found in the sunny and shallow surface zones of the ocean. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coral reefs are created by colonies of tiny coral animals that produce a hard structure around their soft bodies. Microscopic, symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae live in the bodies of coral animals and provide them with food produced by photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
| Why are coral reefs important? |
|
Definition
| Coral reefs provide shelter and food for one quarter of all ocean species. This is a remarkable statistic when you consider that coral reefs take up less than 1 percent of the Earth's surface. Coral reefs also have a tremendous impact on humans, providing food, shoreline protection from storms, medicines, and jobs based in tourism. |
|
|
Term
| What threatens coral reefs? |
|
Definition
| Pollution, destructive fishing, acidification of ocean water, and invasive species. |
|
|
Term
The average salinity of ocean water is?
A. 3.5 percent.
B. 20 percent.
C. 75 percent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Currents flowing near the ocean's surface transport heat from the __ to the __ and then move cool water back to equatorial regions. |
|
Definition
| Equator and poles. Currents near the surface move heat from the equator to the north and south poles, and back toward the equator. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nitrogen cycle? |
|
Definition
The nitrogen cycle moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air. Nitrogen enters the food chain when nitrogen compounds called nitrates are absorbed from the soil by plants. Plants convert nitrates into usable nitrogen compounds. These compounds are transferred between organisms through feeding (trophic) levels starting when primary consumers feed on the plants. Decaying plants and animals return nitrogen to the soil with the help of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These bacteria produce nitrates from the nitrogen compounds found in decaying matter. Denitrifying bacteria play a role when they return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrates to nitrogen gas.
Long story short: plants absorb it from soil, animals eat it, poop it, die with it, bacteria eat it, and fart it out into the atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
| What is the carbon cycle? |
|
Definition
The carbon cycle is a system involving living things and the nonliving matter in the crust, oceans, and atmosphere. In this cycle carbon is transferred from one part of the environment to the other. The energy that drives this cycle is provided by the sun and the Earth's core. Organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, are formed in the producers when carbon is made usable (fixed) from the carbon dioxide in the process of photosynthesis. Fixed carbon is moved through the feeding levels from primary consumers to secondary consumers and beyond. Carbon continues to be recycled through processes of respiration, decay, and the combustion of fossil fuels.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is the oxygen cycle? |
|
Definition
The oxygen cycle describes the movement of oxygen within the atmosphere, organisms, and nonliving matter on Earth's crust. The driving force in the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis. Remember that producers use solar energy for photosynthesis. Using that energy, carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen. Plants use some glucose to fuel respiration. Glucose is also used in the making of fats and proteins.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The water cycle describes the continuous process of transporting water from the oceans to the atmosphere, then to the land, and then returning it to the oceans. The processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up the water cycle.
[image] |
|
|
Term
Which cycle is dependent on bacteria?
A. carbon cycle
C. oxygen cycle
D. nitrogen cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Correct answers: a) Condensation, b) Precipitation, c) Evaporation. Water vapor condensation in clouds leads to precipitation, and water is returned to the land or sea. The sun’s heat provides the energy for evaporation, and the water from Earth’s surface is returned to the atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
| Natural resources that are renewable. |
|
Definition
Biomass 3.9% (heating, electricity, transportation)
Hydropower 2.5(electricty)
Geothermal .4% (heating, electricity)
Wind .5 (electricity)
Solar .1% (light, heating, electricity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oil 37.4% (transportation, manufacturing)
Natural gas 24%
Natural gas 24% (heating, manufacturing, electricity)
Coal 22.6% (manufacturing, electricity)
Uranium 8.5% (electricity) |
|
|
Term
| What is potential energy? |
|
Definition
| Potential energy is the energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative to some zero position. |
|
|
