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GE0 105 Non-Western World Midterm 2
SW Asia and North Africa
84
Geography
Undergraduate 3
11/06/2012

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Term
Sahara
Definition
North Africa
Term
Arabian Desert
Definition
(Rub-al-Khali) in the Arabian peninsula
Term
Broken deserts in Iran
Definition
(Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut)
Term
Atlas Mts
Definition
NW Africa
Term
Zagros and Elburz Mts
Definition
Iran
Term
Lower mountain ranges
Definition
Yemen highlands, Hijaz mts
Term
Maghreb Mtns
Definition
NW Africa
Term
Levant Mtns
Definition
parts of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, West Bank and Gaza
Term
Nile River
Definition
Egypt and Sudan; starts in sub-Saharan Africa
Term
Tigris-Euphrates
Definition
Turkey, Iraq, Syria
Term
Jordan River
Definition
Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Gaza and West Bank, Jordan
Term
Southwest Asia and North Africa
Definition
This region holds a little over 400 million people
Overall density is moderate, but physiological density (number of people per unit of arable land) is very high
Highly urban area, with some major rural populations in some countries
Oldest permanent settlements in the world
Term
Populated Countries
Definition
Turkey (74), Egypt (73.4), and Syria (73).
Term
Settlement Patterns – Rural
Definition
Fertile Crescent

Pastoral Nomadism

Oasis Settlements

Rivers
Term
Dryland Agriculture
Definition
Saudi
Arabian Irrigation

Nile Valley
Term
Agricultural Revolution
Definition
Earliest documented agriculture occurs in Levant (Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, W. Syria), southern Turkey, northern Iraq, and NW Iran

Development of irrigation allows for permanent settlements in Tigris-Euphrates area, leading to one of the first civilizations (Sumer)
Term
Qanat System
Definition
farmers built gently sloping tunnels on dry alluvial fans to direct groundwater to fields and villages; over 2500 years old
Term
Environmental Issues
Definition
Fragile Environment
Deforestation
Overgrazing
Salinization
Water Management
Term
Settlement Patterns – Urban
Definition
Increasing urbanization
Ex: Cairo
Term
Oil-rich Persian Gulf nations have most extraordinary changes in urbanization
Definition
Doha, Qatar; Abu Dhabi, UAE; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Kuwait City, Kuwait
Term
Catal Huyuk, Jericho
Definition
earliest sedentary settlements
Term
Early Mesopotamia
Definition
Ur and Eridu, 25-30K people
Term
Trading centers
Definition
Beirut, Damascus
Term
Political and religious centers
Definition
Ottoman Empire – Istanbul
Persian - Babylon
Arab - Damascus
Term
Religious centers
Definition
Jerusalem
Mecca, Medina, Qom
Term
Urban Influences
Definition
Modern cities a mix of Islamic, European colonial, and contemporary influences
Term
Islam
Definition
is present and influential, more Muslims live outside of this region and there are pockets of other religions
Term
Religion
Definition
Christian heavy in Northern Africa
Minor Influences of Shiite influence
Term
Language
Definition
Afro-Asiatic is predominant with areas of Indo European. Bermer (majority of Northern Africa) and Kurdish (towards SW Asia).
Term
Origins of Islam
Definition
Saudi Arabia
Term
Islam Agriculture
Definition
Mix of agricultural and trading centers
Term
Mecca
Definition
trading center (N-S, E-W) and shrine (Kaaba) locality
Term
Medina
Definition
agricultural town north of Mecca
Term
Muhammad
Definition
Born 571 A.D. in Mecca
Became a merchant
Practiced meditation and fasting in surrounding mountains
Started preaching at age 40 in Mecca
Was oppressed by Mecca authorities and had to move to Medina in 622 due to his preaching against local cults and polytheism, as well as his gathering of followers
Term
Hijrah
Definition
The flight (Hijrah) from Mecca to Medina in 622 marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar
Term
The Five Pillars of Islam
Definition
Only one God (monotheism)
Daily Prayer facing Mecca (5 x daily)
Fasting between sunup and sundown during the month of Ramadan
Charity
Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
Term
Believed to be the restoration of true monotheism
Definition
Moses, Jesus, and many Old Testament prophets are considered true prophets, just not the highest prophet
Term
Islam Spread
Definition
North and diffusion along North Africa
Term
Schism
Definition
Muhammad's death, there was disagreement over who should lead Muslims
Term
Sunnis
Definition
Pass down power through the established clergy
Term
Shiites
Definition
Pass down power through Muhammad’s own family
Term
Full Split
Definition
Full split occurred
in 680 at battle of
Karbala, in modern
Iraq
Term
The Ottoman Empire
Definition
Turkish, not Arab. They were descendants of the Mongol Empire who adopted Islam. They defeated Byzantium, adopted Constantinople as their capital (changed to Istanbul)
Term
European colonialism
Definition
largely kept at bay by Ottoman Empire until the mid-1800s.
Term
France
Definition
began conquests of North Africa under Napoleon and continued to expand until after World War I (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Syria)
Term
Britain
Definition
took control of what is now known as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, southern Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Gaza and the West Bank.
Term
Independence?
Definition
Independence for these countries occurred mostly by the 1950s
Term
Monarchies
Definition
Saudia Arabia, Kuwait, UAE
Term
elected governments - theocratic rule
Definition
Iran – elected gov. under theocratic rule (Ayatollah Khomeini)
Term
elected governments - Secular
Definition
Turkey – elected gov. in secular state
Term
Political Problems
Definition
Setting up elected governments in post-colonial locations with historical tensions is potentially problematic
Term
Iraq’s colonial borders
Definition
historical, and recent, animosity amongst its’ own people creates major obstacles to creating a government
Term
Kurdistan
Definition
SE Turkey, NW Iran, N Iraq, NE Syria
Term
Kurd Language
Definition
Indo-European language
Term
Kurd Nation
Definition
Nation with no State
Ongoing insurrection and conflict
Term
Arab Uprising
Definition
began in Tunisia in December 2010
Term
Governments overthrown
Definition
Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen
Term
Governments Altered
Definition
Oman, Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Iraq
Term
Ongoing Civil War
Definition
Syria
Term
Tunisia Overthrow
Definition
– Ben Ali overthrown 2010; representative gov in Oct 2011; ruled by moderate Islamist party
Term
Libya Overthrow
Definition
Civil War; Gaddafi overthrown; National Transitional Council managing gov change; problems disarming former rebels
Term
Egypt Overthrow
Definition
Mubarek overthrown; transition to popular gov by military; ruled by moderate Islamist party (Mohammed Morsi)
Term
Yemen Overthrow
Definition
Saleh stepped down after multiple refusals and assassination attempt; now ruled by his selected successor; internal conflicts
Term
Syrian Civil War
Definition
Rebels want end to Baathist and Assad rule.35-40K people dead (nearly ½ civilians)
Conflict nearly statewide
Term
Syrian Civil War - Religious/Economic
Definition
Religious, as well as economic and political causes; Alawite minority (including Assads) control most gov posts
Term
Roman Judea
Definition
Romans control Judea, centered on Jerusalem
Term
Roman Judea - History
Definition
After uprising, Romans destroy temple and expel the Jews from Judea in 135 C.E. – Diaspora. Other Semitic speakers move in.
Term
Byzantine Empire - levant
Definition
(Eastern Roman Empire) controls the Levant until A.D. 634
Term
Byzantine Empire - Christianity
Definition
Christian rule
Christianity is the dominant religion in the region at this time
Term
Arab Rule - levant
Definition
Muslim Arabs rule the Levant from 634-1071. Islam becomes the dominant religion in the region
Term
Levant - 12th century
Definition
Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099-1291.Retaken by Arabs in 1291.
Term
Ottoman Empire - takeover
Definition
takes Jerusalem from Arab Muslims and controls it until WWI
Term
Ottoman empire
Definition
Arabs eventually revolt against the Turks, helping defeat them in WWI
Britain takes control of Palestine after WWI; makes conflicting promises to Jews and Arabs
Term
Divided Land - Jerusalem
Definition
Christian,Armenian,Jewish and Muslim control of Holy Land.
Term
Britain’s Conflicting Promises
Definition
Britain promises an independent Arab kingdom to Sharif Hussein of the Hijaz for help in fighting the Ottomans (1915)
Term
Ibn Saud
Definition
a rival from interior parts of the Saudi peninsula, defeats Hussein (1925)
Britain then supports Saud
Term
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1915)
Definition
Secret agreement between France and Britain to divide the Mideast into spheres of influence; would place Palestine under international control
League of Nations approve division
Term
Balfour Declaration (1917):
Definition
“the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish people”
“…nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civic and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities…”
Term
Theodor Herzl
Definition
Political Zionism - influenced British thought
Term
Israel After the British
Definition
1947 – UN partition
1948-1949 – war between Israel and Arabs when Palestinian Arabs reject the partition
Term
*****Israel Three Wars****
Definition
1956
1967 – Six Days War; major territorial gains for Israel including Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Sinai, West Bank, Gaza
1973
Term
oil in middle east - locations
Definition
68% of the world’s oil reserves exist from Algeria to Kazakhstan in 3 major zones
Term
Oil
Definition
Oil and gas are major parts of the economies of the region
Term
Oil - economic issues
Definition
Unequal distribution of oil income in many areas, producing poverty and discontent
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