Term
| Different impacts of the environment on humans: |
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Definition
-need for water
-climate
-food
-shelter
-health |
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Term
| Human impacts on the environment |
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Definition
-consumption
-contamination
-overexploitation
-neglect |
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Term
| what are the human impacts on the environment caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are one of the biggest vehicles for population growth problems |
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Definition
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Term
| how do cities cause problems? |
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Definition
-consume land
-pollute water
-generate traffic
-generate waste
(TWCLP) |
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Term
| Problems that affect city people |
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Definition
-air pollution
-access to services (delay transportation)
- safety risks (safe to walk on 405?) |
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Term
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Definition
| populations that use wood all around them keep expanding territory to get more wood when they run out. |
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Term
| Deforestation cycle and children |
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Definition
| keep expanding territory because when have more kids, need more wood. also, need more children to have more wood. it's expensive to have more children though because you have to send them to school. |
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Term
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Definition
| encourages tourism to natural parks; instead of making money from cutting down environments, make money by having people come see the natural environment (like Yosemite) |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on solving environmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on solving waste problems ( water, sanitation, other human needs) |
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Term
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Definition
| need enough supplies to meet/compensate for population growth |
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Term
| Annual rate of population change equation |
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Definition
| (birth rate - death rate) / 1000 * 100 |
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Term
| annual rate of population change represents... |
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Definition
| -worldwide changes, and doesn't include migration because although people come in, they also leave. -it's just death rate and birth rate that matters. |
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Term
| replacement fertility rate |
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Definition
| how many children you need to average to replace the parents |
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Term
| things that influence population size |
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Definition
| BICERUA. -Birth control -INCOME - culture - education - religion - urbanization - age at marriage* |
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Term
| what influences death rate |
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Definition
| - infant mortality - life expectancies |
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Term
| what influences life expectancies |
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Definition
| - nutrition - medical care - health care - public health |
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Term
| What is environmental economics |
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Definition
| the study of how decisions are made in regards to behavior and choices - includes more than just economic changes, but also BEHAVIOR |
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Term
| 4 incentive problems of environmental economics |
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Definition
| - the commons - externalities - public goods - policy of instruments |
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Term
| the commons as an environmental economic incentive |
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Definition
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Term
| externalities as an envmt. econ. incentive |
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Definition
| consequences of our decisions onto a third party; spillover impacts onto others, not directly related to original transaction |
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Term
| public goods as envmt. econ. incentive |
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Definition
| things that we share i.e. open space, air |
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Term
| policy of instruments as envmt. econ. incentive |
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Definition
| - direct - market - moral |
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Term
| direct as policy instrument |
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Definition
| the commanding control; who tells people what to do |
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Term
| moral as policy instrument |
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Definition
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Term
| market as policy instrument |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 envmt. econ. incentive solution |
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Definition
| 1) get incentives right! 2) cost-benefit analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| weighing the cost of producing something against the benefits of producing it |
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Term
| Shoe Factory example - continue to make shoes as long as ______ |
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Definition
| B (the total revenues) > C (total costs) |
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Term
| Show Factory - what to take into consideration for graph |
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Definition
| 1) Total cost/unit 2) Producer cost/unit 3) Pollution cost/unit |
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Term
| Shoe Factory - from 0-100 shoes, what's best amount (taking everything into consideration) |
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Definition
| not 0, because you have zero shoes. not 100, because cost exceeds line. 70, because all lines meet at the horizontal line (which represents when b>c) |
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Term
| Externalities from using cars |
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Definition
| pollution (air pollution, CO2/greenhouse gases) |
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Term
| Incentives to cause and reduce pollution |
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Definition
| cause: more technological advances - more manufactures (shoes) --- reduce: health issues - life expectancies - climate change |
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Term
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Definition
| consequences of your actions onto a third party |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unplanned, disorganized growth often along the edges of cities |
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Term
| mechanisms that cause sprawl |
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Definition
| - tax policy - affordable housing - desire for lifestyles - public investments |
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Term
| negative consequences of sprawl |
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Definition
| - traffic - pollution - use of natural space (consume open land) - economic cost of infrastructure - loss of food |
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Term
| positive consequences of sprawl |
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Definition
| - affordable housing - closer to jobs (less transportation) - political responsiveness - American Dream (have a yard, dog, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| design as alternative to sprawl |
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Definition
| new urbanism: - compact living - mixed land use - avoid using cars - re use space |
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Term
| smart growth as alternative to sprawl |
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Definition
| - everything new urbanism has (compact living, walkable distances, mixd land, re use space) - public input - consider regional growth |
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Term
| define ecosystem services |
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Definition
| something we get for free from the environment that gives us benefits |
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Term
| Example of big ecosystem service? |
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Definition
| New York City - had option of building new water treatment plants or using natural watershed. used natural watershed. |
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Term
| trade-off in catskill, delaware of using ecosystem service? |
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Definition
| had to pay people in rural areas to have access to their water so it wouldn't get polluted |
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Term
| most growth in CA occurs where |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| LA region, southern california |
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Term
| why does fast growth conflict? |
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Definition
| populations compete for habitats |
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Term
| different levels of saving species? |
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Definition
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Term
| example of federal government saving species |
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Definition
| Endangered Species act - protects any activity that would harm a species that is threatened with extinction |
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Term
| example of state government saving species |
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Definition
| CEQA - requires public agencies to identify environmental effects of their actions and either avoid or mitigate where feasible |
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Term
| example of local government saving species |
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Definition
| -land purchase for conservation - citizen enforcement of state plans (CEQA) - NCCP: natural community conservation program; identifies and provides for areawide protection |
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Term
| US car travel per person has _____ over last 50 years |
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Definition
| increased (good! more people per car) |
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Term
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Definition
| everything has gone up: travel time, population size, size of metro area |
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Term
| LA congestion that has gone down |
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Definition
| pollution! better technology, newer cars (hybrids) |
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Term
| 4 approaches to resolve congestion |
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Definition
| - pricing - car alternatives - urban design - technology |
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Term
| pricing to resolve congestion |
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Definition
| fees if you want to drive in special lane, fees if you drive at certain times of day, increase gas |
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Term
| car alternatives to resolve congestion |
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Definition
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Term
| urban design to resolve congestion |
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Definition
| new urbanism and smart growth. NEW URBANISM: - compact living - avoid cars - mixed land use. SMART GROWTH: - new urbanism - public input - consider regional growth |
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Term
| technology to resolve congestion |
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Definition
| make better, smarter, cleaner cars |
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Term
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Definition
| Free transportation for UCLA students |
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Term
| Gender/Ethnicities on traffic (#1-#4) |
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Definition
| 1) Latino Males 2) Black Females 3) Latina Females 4) Black Males |
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Term
| distance commuting to work has _____ over the years |
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Definition
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Term
| ages ___ - ____ commute the most miles |
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Definition
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Term
| About ____% of women with children own private vehicles |
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Definition
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Term
| example of environmental justice |
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Definition
| 5th year poli sci major who had asthma at home, when she came to UCLA her asthma went away in 6 months. asthma due to pollution, and here it's cleaner than it was in her hometown in East Bay |
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Term
| Example of federal/state policy that mitigates environmental policy |
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Definition
| CEQA - requires agencies to show environmental hazards and try to avoid, or mitigate at feasible times |
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Term
| why has building playa vista on Ballona wetlands been so controversial? what are wetlands good for? |
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Definition
| we can't afford to lose more wetlands in CA. -they're good for flood control - absorb forest of excess rainwater, snowmelt, offshore flooding |
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Term
| what is playa vista intended to provide? |
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Definition
| industrial and commercial use |
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Term
| focus of concerns about Playa Vista |
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Definition
| - traffic - sustainability of wetlands - restoration - gas leakages to wetlands |
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Term
| examples of making traffic work in playa vista |
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Definition
| - jobs/housing balance - internal tram system - pedestrian/bicycle network - road improvements |
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Term
| What do economic price shocks affect? |
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Definition
| - people's behaviors - consumer choices - incentives |
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Term
| Pricing is one factor which links ______ and _____ |
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Definition
| economics, climate change |
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Term
| The 1973 Fuel Price Shock |
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Definition
| - led to an increase in "Green Behavior" - gas prices were so much higher that they found alternatives - led to environmentally beneficial behaviors |
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Term
| 5 basic infrastructure services that the urban poor often lack: |
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Definition
| 1) safe water 2) household sanitation 3) storm drainage 4) solid waste collection and disposal 4) public transport/access to roads and footpaths |
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Term
| How can services be better delivered to urban poor? |
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Definition
| - democratization - widespread perception of health threats - increased role of NGO |
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Term
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Definition
| live off of Cairo's garbage and recycle items made of paper, plastic and tin. pick up about 1 ton of garbage a day |
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Term
| What does Yemen govmt need to do to improve urban poor? |
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Definition
| - emerging structures - capacity building - build finance system - upgrade land records - urban planning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mexico has ____ water rates, and ____ leakage rates |
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Definition
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Term
| problems with water/infrastructures in Mexico |
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Definition
| high replacement costs for pipes, a lot of waste, few funds to fix |
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Term
| California and water problems |
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Definition
| droughts - ~80% water consumed by agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| make water more expensive so people value it more and not waste it as much |
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Term
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Definition
| water more expensive there, they don't take for granted but are also poor. |
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Term
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Definition
| people could become dehydrated and water isn't clean/sanitized |
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Term
| 5 places where people can get water |
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Definition
| 1) wells 2) inhouse pipes 3) neighbors 4) vendors 5) standpipe |
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Term
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Definition
| water market is uncompetitive; for market to work there has to be more suppliers |
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Term
| where does socal get its water? |
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Definition
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Term
| what's important in China's urbanization? |
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Definition
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Term
| what's wrong with china's urbanization? |
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Definition
| it's urbanizing too quickly - stresses on traffic, sprawl, migration and land use are unique to country (not up to date) |
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Term
| Beijing land policy about roads |
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Definition
| build as many roads as possible! |
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Term
| Percent of people who walk in Beijing |
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Definition
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Term
| percent of people who ride bikes in beijing |
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Definition
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Term
| percent of people who drive cars in beijing |
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Definition
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Term
| reasons for traffic problems in beijing |
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Definition
| - increased car ownership - accelerated urbanization - decrease in transit support |
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Term
| international environmental conflict |
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Definition
| - fight over different water sources - dispute over natural shared resources |
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Term
| Usually, what has more power: upstream or downstream? |
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Definition
| upstream, because closer to the source to block it or dam it |
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Term
| In the Nile river, what has more power upstream or downstream? |
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Definition
| downstream because it has power at the delta itself |
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Term
| Euphrates river: country closest to source, in middle, and at end? |
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Definition
| Turkey at source, Syria in middle, Iraq at end |
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Term
| What brings lots of water from Sierra Nevadas into Socal? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shared land, used by more than one nation; countries who share river beds; rivals on either side of water |
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Term
| solutions to international environmental conflicts? |
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Definition
| third party mediation; the UN and World Bank to mediate and finance agreements |
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Term
| urban poor low end governments |
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Definition
| limited capacity to help out |
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Term
| urban poor high end governments |
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Definition
| more complex implementations |
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Term
| what is environmental justice |
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Definition
| fair treatment of all people of all races, cultures, and incomes with regards to the development, adaptation, implementation and enforcement of envmt laws |
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