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GCSE EdExcel B2 Keywords
EdExcel GCSE (UK) B2 keywords
186
Science
10th Grade
01/22/2013

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Term
Light microscopes
Definition
A device which uses lenses to magnify small things.
Term
Cells
Definition
The smallest unit of life, many of these make up an organism.
Term
Cell membrane
Definition
The semi-permeable "container" that holds a cells contents together and controls what enters and leaves a cell.
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
The gel-like substance which holds all of a cells contents.
Term
Organelles
Definition
A part of a cell with a specific function.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
The part of a cell which controls its activities.
Term
DNA
Definition
An molecule containing the genetic code.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
The place in a cell where respiration occurs.
Term
Cell wall
Definition
Made of cellulose this tough outer layer surrounds some cells and can control the shape of the cell.
Term
Cellulose
Definition
The compound which makes up the cell wall in plant cells.
Term
Vacuole
Definition
A space in a cell which may contain water or solution. Plant cells often have one large vacuole.
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
These contain chlorophyll to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
Term
Chlorophyll
Definition
The green substance in some plant cells that absorbs sunlight.
Term
Electron microscope
Definition
A special type of telescope for looking at objects smaller than a light microscope can magnify sufficiently.
Term
Chromosomal DNA
Definition
The double-helix shapes DNA structure found in many cells, including human cells.
Term
Plasmid DNA
Definition
A ring of DNA capable of replicating itself. Found in bacteria commonly.
Term
Flagella
Definition
Long thread-like parts of some cells that help them move.
Term
Magnification
Definition
The act of making something appear bigger (using a lens).
Term
Direct proportion
Definition
Where two things both increase at the same ratio to each other.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
The structures made up of DNA. Found in cells nuclei in animals.
Term
Genes
Definition
The name given to a section of DNA that controls a particular characteristic.
Term
Double helix
Definition
The shape of the DNA molecule.
Term
Bases
Definition
The building blocks of DNA that can be adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.
Term
Adenine (A)
Definition
The base that pairs with thymine.
Term
Thymine (T)
Definition
The base that pairs with adenine.
Term
Cytosine (C)
Definition
The base that pairs with cytosine.
Term
Guanine (G)
Definition
The base that pairs with guanine.
Term
Complementary base pairs
Definition
Adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine - pairs of bases that bond together.
Term
Hydrogen bonds
Definition
The weak bonds holding the double helix together.
Term
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Definition
The research project to map all human genes.
Term
Genome
Definition
All of organism's genetic information.
Term
Genetic engineering
Definition
Manipulating (altering) an organisms genes using technology.
Term
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Definition
AN organism that has genes altered intentionally by humans.
Term
Golden rice
Definition
A genetically modified rice designed to contain more beta-carotene (to produce vitamin A).
Term
Beta-carotene
Definition
The substance that makes carrots orange and is important for vitamin A.
Term
Herbicide
Definition
Something designed to kill particular plants.
Term
Biodiversity
Definition
The range of different biological life.
Term
Daughter cells
Definition
The cells that form after the first stage of mitosis or meiosis.
Term
Parent cell
Definition
The original cell that undertakes mitosis or meiosis.
Term
Asexual reproduction
Definition
Reproduction involving mitosis to form identical off-spring.
Term
Sexual reproduction
Definition
Reproduction involving meiosis to give variation in offspring.
Term
Gametes
Definition
Sex cells.
Term
Haploid
Definition
Containing half the number of normal chromosomes.
Term
Fertilisation
Definition
The fusion of gametes (sex cells) to make a new cell, e.g. sperm and egg.
Term
Zygote
Definition
The initial cell formed after fertilisation.
Term
Embryo
Definition
The ball of many cells in the initial stages of pregnancy.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Cell replication that involves the formation of daughter cells with different (and half the number of) chromosomes.
Term
Alleles
Definition
A particular form of a gene.
Term
Clones
Definition
Identical genetic copies.
Term
Enucleated
Definition
A cell with the nucleus removed.
Term
Implanted
Definition
When something is inserted into something else.
Term
Uterus
Definition
The womb.
Term
Surrogate mother
Definition
A mother who has been artificially inseminated (has had a donor embryo that is not her own).
Term
Embryonic stem cells
Definition
Stem cells found in the embryo.
Term
Stem cell
Definition
An unspecialised cell which can become other types of cell.
Term
Differentiated
Definition
A cell which has become more specialised.
Term
Adult stem cells
Definition
A stem cell that comes from an adult, as opposed to an embryo.
Term
Genetic code
Definition
The code formed by genes / DNA.
Term
Amino acids
Definition
The building blocks which form proteins and which proteins break down in to during digestion.
Term
Protein synthesis
Definition
The building of new proteins.
Term
Transcription
Definition
DNA being copied into RNA.
Term
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
The RNA which moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
Term
Uracil (U)
Definition
Part of the RNA code that replace thyanine.
Term
Ribosome
Definition
The place in a cell where protein synthesis occurs.
Term
Base triplets
Definition
The method used to read the RNA code in sections of three.
Term
Codons
Definition
Segments of three of the genetic code.
Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
The RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be built into proteins.
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
A chain of amino acids.
Term
Mutation
Definition
An alteration to the genetic code.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
A biological catalyst. It helps control the rate of a reaction.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Something which speeds up the rate of reaction but is not part of the reaction.
Term
Digestion
Definition
The break down of larger molecules of food into smaller ones.
Term
Substrate
Definition
The molecule an enzyme acts on.
Term
Specific
Definition
Relating to one in particular.
Term
Active site
Definition
The place on an enzyme where the reaction occurs.
Term
‘Lock and key’ hypothesis
Definition
The idea that an enzyme's active site fits particular molecules.
Term
Denatured
Definition
The permanent damage of an enzyme.
Term
Respiration
Definition
The release of energy from glucose.
Term
Aerobic respiration
Definition
Respiration that requires oxygen.
Term
Glucose
Definition
Simple sugar.
Term
Capillaries
Definition
The blood vessels that carry blood to cells.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Term
Concentration gradient
Definition
The difference between two areas of concentration.
Term
Gas exchange
Definition
The exchange of different gases (e.g. carbon dioxide and oxygen).
Term
Stroke volume
Definition
The amount of blood pumped from one ventricle in a heart beat.
Term
Cardiac output
Definition
The amount of blood pumped by the heart (from a ventricle) in one minute.
Term
Anaerobic respiration
Definition
Respiration without oxygen that leads to lactic acid build up.
Term
Lactic acid
Definition
The acid that builds up as a product of anaerobic respiration.
Term
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
Definition
The oxygen required to break down lactic acid after anaerobic respiration.
Term
Starch
Definition
A carbohydrate (large molecule).
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
The release of energy from the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
Term
Stomata
Definition
The tiny pores on the epidermis of land plants.
Term
Surface area to volume ratio
Definition
The ratio of something's surface area to its overall volume.
Term
Limiting factor
Definition
A factor which causes a limit to something (e.g. limits photosynthesis).
Term
Root hair cells
Definition
The long thin cells on roots that give a large surface area for diffusion to occur.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
The net movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
Term
Partially permeable membrane
Definition
A membrane that only lets some (smaller) molecules pass through it.
Term
Active transport
Definition
The uptake of minerals against the concentration gradient (from low to high) that requires energy.
Term
Xylem
Definition
The (tubes) in a plant that transport water (and some minerals).
Term
Phloem
Definition
The (tubes) in a plant that carry sugar solution and some minerals around the plant.
Term
Transpiration
Definition
The process by which moisture is carried through plants.
Term
Photometer
Definition
An instrument for measuring light intensity.
Term
Environment
Definition
A particular place or surroundings.
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
A system of living things that are interact with each other.
Term
Habitat
Definition
An environment occupied by a particular species.
Term
Distribution
Definition
How something is spread out.
Term
Population size
Definition
The number of individuals.
Term
Sampling
Definition
A method of selecting a smaller set of individuals from a population.
Term
Random sampling
Definition
Sampling by using a method that gives random individuals or areas of study.
Term
Representative
Definition
Something that is an example that represents the bigger population.
Term
Pooter
Definition
A device used to collect insects.
Term
Sweep net
Definition
A net for catching some species.
Term
Pond net
Definition
A net for catching some species from ponds.
Term
Pitfall traps
Definition
A hole dug to catch some species for sampling.
Term
Quadrats
Definition
A square used to identify an area for sampling.
Term
Systematic sampling
Definition
Sampling using a logical/mathematical way of working out where to sample from.
Term
Fossils
Definition
The preserved remains or traces of animals or plants.
Term
Fossil record
Definition
The overall record of fossils found.
Term
Evolution
Definition
The theory that species change over time due to survival of the fittest.
Term
Pentadactyl
Definition
Five toes or fingers on a limb.
Term
Growth
Definition
An increase in size or quantity over time.
Term
Percentile
Definition
A value below which a certain percentage of individuals fall (e.g. 20% fall below the 20th percentile).
Term
Elongation
Definition
To become longer.
Term
Plasma
Definition
The pale yellow part of blood that holds the blood cells etc. in suspension.
Term
Red blood cells
Definition
The blood cells that carry oxygen (and have no nucleus).
Term
White blood cells
Definition
The blood cells that fight infection.
Term
Platelets
Definition
The part of the blood that leads to clotting.
Term
Haemoglobin
Definition
The iron compound in red blood cells that reacts with oxygen etc. in order to carry it from the lungs.
Term
Tissue
Definition
A collection of cells working together.
Term
Antibodies
Definition
Proteins that identify and neutralise foreign bodies in the blood.
Term
Organ
Definition
A collection of tissues working together.
Term
Deoxygenated
Definition
Without oxygen.
Term
Oxygenated
Definition
With oxygen.
Term
Septum
Definition
A wall dividing something into two parts (as in the heart, lungs and nose).
Term
Vena cava
Definition
The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Term
Right atrium
Definition
The entrance chamber to the heart for dexoygenated blood.
Term
Valves
Definition
A "flap" that opens to allow blood to flow in the correct direction and closes to prevent backflow.
Term
Right Ventricle
Definition
The second chamber in the heart for deoxygenated blood that pumps it to the lungs.
Term
Pulmonary artery
Definition
The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Term
Left atrium
Definition
The entrance chamber to the heart for oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Term
Pulmonary vein
Definition
The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Term
Left ventricle
Definition
The second chamber for oxygenated blood which pumps the blood to the body.
Term
Aorta
Definition
The blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
Term
Blood vessels
Definition
"Tubes" which carry blood.
Term
Arteries
Definition
Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart.
Term
Veins
Definition
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.
Term
Organ systems
Definition
Organs working together to perform a function.
Term
Circulatory system
Definition
The system that transports blood etc. around the body.
Term
Digestive system
Definition
The system that breaks down food into smaller molecules for absorption.
Term
Alimentary canal
Definition
The gut (tubes of the digestive system).
Term
Bolus
Definition
The ball of food swallowed down the oesphagus.
Term
Saliva
Definition
A watery substance found in the mouth that contains amylase.
Term
Oesophagus
Definition
The tube that carries out peristalsis to carry a bolus of food from the mouth to the stomach.
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
The action of moving a bolus of food through the oesophagus.
Term
Stomach
Definition
The part of the digestive system containing acid and pepsin.
Term
Small intestine
Definition
The part of the digestive system where digestion and absorption occurs of all food groups.
Term
Villi
Definition
The small structures on the intestines that increase surface area and allow absorption to happen.
Term
Pancreas
Definition
The organ that releases enzymes into the digestive system.
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
The part of the digestive system where water is mainly absorbed.
Term
Faeces
Definition
The waste from digestion.
Term
Anus
Definition
The opening at the end of the digestive system.
Term
Liver
Definition
The organ with many jobs including bile production.
Term
Bile
Definition
The substance which neutralises stomach acid and helps to emulsify fats.
Term
Gall Bladder
Definition
The place where bile is stored.
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Complex sugar molecules.
Term
Proteins
Definition
Complex molecules built from amino acids.
Term
Fats
Definition
Food molecules that are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
Term
Sugars
Definition
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules found in food (i.e. a type of carbohydrate).
Term
Carbohydrases
Definition
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars (e.g. glucose or maltose).
Term
Amylase
Definition
The enzyme that breaks carbohydrates down into maltose (or glucose/simple sugars).
Term
Proteases
Definition
The enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids.
Term
Amino acids
Definition
The small molecules that make up proteins.
Term
Pepsin
Definition
The enzyme found in the stomach that breaks down proteins and works in acidic conditions.
Term
Lipases
Definition
The enzymes that break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Term
Fatty acids
Definition
An acid that make up fats.
Term
Glycerol
Definition
A liquid that make up fats.
Term
Emulsion
Definition
A mixture of two or more liquids that will not mix well normally.
Term
Emulsifies
Definition
Something that allows two liquids that will not mix well to intersperse.
Term
Functional foods
Definition
A food with an ingredient that has an additional purpose (such as promoting health of the digestive system).
Term
Probiotics
Definition
Live microorganisms that may benefit the host.
Term
Lactobactillus
Definition
A bacteria that helps break down lactose.
Term
Bifidobacteria
Definition
A "good bacteria" that helps with digestive health.
Term
Plant stanol esters
Definition
Plant extracts that reduce certain cholesterol levels.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
A waxy substance from fats needed by the body but which can block arteries if too much is present in the blood.
Term
Prebiotics
Definition
Foods that help promote growth of good bacteria.
Term
Oligosaccharides
Definition
A type of sugar that may act as a prebiotic.
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