Term
|
Definition
-at first little impact
-early part of the war was a military success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Goering's 4 year plan to make Germany self sufficient in food and raw materials
-no food shortages, new supplies came into the country from conquered countries eg Poland Norway Holland France
- Artificial substances used as everyday items eg acorns for coffee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-introduced in 1942
-control supplies of food and avoid shortages
-ration cards were introduced to stimulate a balanced diet
-children were given a better rations than adults inkeeping with policy of families and children
-hot water only permitted 2 days a week
-soap rationed
-clothes shoes cigarettes toilet paper rationed
-flourishing on black market |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
children evacuated from berlin in 1940 to avoid danger from expected air strikes
- many soon returned
-mass evacuation in 1943 after large bombing raids
-children were evacuated to austria and bavaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nazi policy women should be good mothers
-by 1939 over 6million married women were working outside the house- 30% increase from 1933
-hitler failed to mobilise the fair sex as quickly as america and russia where women were heavily used in munitions and vehicle productions
-reluctant to recruit women in early part of war- major downfall
-labour shortages led to a gradual rethink
-13 million men had been conscripted into the army leading to a shortage of labour for the making of armaments
-women were called upon-measures were introduced to encourage women to enter the workplace but werent successful
-1943- nazis tried to mobilise all women + 3million were called to work only 1 million took jobs
-^^^^^^^^ factor that contributed to germanys defeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Goebbels
-used to maintain moral
-propaganda films celebrated vitory
-german people rejoiced at the revenge for their treatment in treaty of versailles
-posters showing germany smashing other countries in a series of victories
-played on fear of communism
-worked- people fought for hitler to the bitter end
-any resistance that developed was crushed
-from 1943 propaganda changed to focuse more on saving fuel etc + working hard |
|
|
Term
| Life during the latter years 1942-45 |
|
Definition
by the end of 1942 clear germany was losing
- nazis introduced policy of TOTAL WAR - gearing the whole economy towards the war effort |
|
|
Term
| shortages adn the black market |
|
Definition
-food became in even shorter supply
-rationing introduced from 1942
people were encouraged to use more exotic foods eg aubergine from conquered countries and recipes were created for them to do so
- parks andgardens were dug up to grow veg
-soap clothes cigs shoes rationed
-black market flourished due to shortages |
|
|
Term
| effects of allied bombing |
|
Definition
-first 2 years of war civilians were hardly affected
-when tides began to turn against germany the bombing on german cities had a massive effect on the lives of german people
-raids by USA and Britain were designed to disrupt german war production and break morale
-allied air craft carried out nearly 1.5 million raids consisting of 2.5 million bombs being dropped
-2 night Dresden raid destroyed 70% of the city and more than 150 000 people were killed; houses hospitals roads schools destroyed, no electricity opr telephones
-3.5 million civilians killed by the end of the war
-german civilians forced to work longer hours and help clean streets of damage |
|
|
Term
| Volkssturm peoples home guard |
|
Definition
able bodied men who were not in armed forces
-local defence militia
men between 16-60 who had been invalided out of service or had been seen as unfit for military service
-last line of defence
-supposed to be based in own districts but many ended up on western or eastern front
-lacked experience and poorly trained
-little more than a propaganda stunt to boost morale
-exception of HItler youth who defended berlin to the last against the Russians |
|
|
Term
| treatment of jews during the war |
|
Definition
-leading up to the war jews had been sacked from government jobs, denied german citizenship and been made to wear star of david in public
-when war began started murdering jews + other "undesirables" eg Gypsies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
easier than forcing them to emigrate
cheaper
-germany no longer cared about world opinions
-thought no one could stop him and he could destroy all the jews in europe
-conquest of poland brought 3million jews under nazi control and they needed to decide what to do with them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first step towards mass murder
hitler ordered euthanasia of incurably ill patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from 1940 onwards jews in poland were made to live in ghettos
walled off areas of towns and cities
-not allowed to leave, no way of escaping
-hundreds of thousands starved to death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
groups off ss followed german army into russia
-ordered to kill the jews in every captured town and village
-rounded up the jews made them strip naked and shot them into mass graves
-some killed jews by locking them in lorries and pumping in carbon monoxide gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
set up conc camps in poland
captured jews etc transported there by rail
prisoners were taken to what they thought were showers but were actually gas chambers
-in auschwitz prisoners were divided into 2 groups- those who would work and those who would go straight to the gas chambers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resistance in ghettos
-one uprising saw several hundreds of jews armed with pistols and petrol bombs
germans destroyed the whole ghetto killing 5000 jews
in total 6 million jews were murdered at hte hands of the nazis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) the Church
niemoller + bonhoeffer- imprissoned, bonhoeffer hanged
spoke out against the nazis
criticism by the church stopped the killings of disabled people
ii) young people
swing movement.
edelweiss pirates- street gangs eg Navajos and Raging Dudes
sheltered army deserters and escaped prisoners
stole armaments attacked gestapo
leaders were hanged
White rose mov. condemned nazis and encouraged others to oppose hitler
leaders executed by gestapo
iii) Army- Colonel Von Staffenberg Bomb Plot July 1944
iv) communists helped smuggle jews out of germany
encouraged workers to oppose the way nazis ran industry
Weakness of opposition- didnt unite together, all had different ideas, stayed quiet in early part of war when germany was doing well
people were terrified of what would happen if the gestapo found out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* D Day Landings
allies broke out of normany and liberated paris
attacks on berlin and luxemberg then proceeded
planned to shorten the war by an airboune attack behind german lines codenamed OPERATION MARKET GARDEN
OMG-attack on Holland, key rhine bridges to be secured so allies could advance rapidly northwards avoiding german defences, hoped to be in Berline by Christmas- FAILED due to poor communication + intelligence, and bad weather
BATTLE OF THE BULGEhitlers final attempt to defeat the allies
tried to attack thru the ardennes
savage fighting, 100 000 germans died, 80 000 americans died
wiped out german reserve allowing the allies to push on and finally push across the rhine and rumagen
in late april soviet forces attacked berlin |
|
|
Term
| advances on the eastern front |
|
Definition
Germany faced with an enemy that had a seemingly endless supply of men and weapons
-fighting in east was savage
-estimated between 7 and 20 million russian civilians killed by nazis- considered sub human so not worthy of same rights as other countries
-soviets final attack was on berlin
-1.5 million troops, 6000 tanks, 8500 air craft vs berlins 100 000 troops, mostly volkssturm + hitler youth
soviets were ill disciplined when stocks of alcohol were found
-looting rape and violence occurred on a large scale as revenge for the nazis treatment of them
-german surrender was given on 2nd may
-about 300 000 soviet troops had been killed/injured in the street battles to take berlin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-millions of people made homeless
-biggest movement of refugees took place in final stages of war
-16 million germans live in occupied eastern europe
-as soviet army advanced many of them fled as they feared what would happen if captured
-after the war's end millions were expelled from poland hungary etc
-out of 16 million refugees, 2 million died of cold disease and starvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hitler committed suicide on 30th april in his bunker after marrying his mistress Eva Braun
he had a hole in his head she'd swallowed a cyanide tablet
bodies were covered in a blanket and burned with petrol at the entrance after hearing what happened to mussolinis body
Goebbels commited suicide with his wife after poisoning their 6 children
-power was left to admiral donitz who signed the unconditional surrender of germany on 7th may |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allies met to decide what to do with germany
those responsible for war crimes to be punished
germany was to be denazified + totally disarmed
germany should pay war damage
germany and berlin to be divided into zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allies met to decide what to do with germany
those responsible for war crimes to be punished
germany was to be denazified + totally disarmed
germany should pay war damage
germany and berlin to be divided into zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allies met to decide what to do with germany
those responsible for war crimes to be punished
germany was to be denazified + totally disarmed
germany should pay war damage
germany and berlin to be divided into zones |
|
|
Term
| Potsdam Conference May '45 |
|
Definition
mainly reaffirmed yalta
blame was put on nazis not german people
division was to go ahead
reparations mainly went to russia in equipment and materials
leading nazis were put on trial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
those who didnt commit suicide were put on trial
first set to try 21 top nazi leaders- 10 were hanged the rest imprisoned,
2nd set to try lesser war criminals eg judges lawyers
accused of waging war, committing war crimes, committing crimes against humanity, crimes against peace |
|
|
Term
| Denazification of Germany |
|
Definition
removing of nazi regime from society culture press economy and politics
- wearing of uniform banned
-units of army dissolved
-those involved in nazi activities removed from public office
-publication and dissemination of nazi or militarist literature was banned
-by 1947 great steps had been taken to place germany on the road to recovery
-occupied zones began to resmeble the ideologies of the allied power in control
eg western zonesw were capitalist and democracy was introduced, soviet zon was communist
two germanys until 1990 |
|
|
