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| the progressive increase of Earth's average temperature that has been occurring over the past century...most scientists agree that it is caused by increases in certain atmospheric gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and carbon dioxide |
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| works like this: warmth from the sun heats the earth's surface, which then radiates the heat energy absorbed outward. Most of this heat is radiated back into space, but some of the heat in retained in the atmosphere. The retention of heat is facilitated by carbon dioxide molecules, which act like a blanket to trap the heat radiated by the Earth's surface. The trapping of this warmth radiating from the earth is known as the greenhouse effect. |
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| overall effect of the greenhouse effect |
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| problem with the greenhouse effect |
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| excess warming due to more and more carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere as a result of coal, oil, and natural gas burning |
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measures of energy
heat: total amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance
temperature: measure of the intensity of heat |
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weak chemical bonds that result from the attraction of water molecules to each other
when water is heated, the hydrogen bonds break, the water heats up and releases heat. when the water cools, the hydrogen bonds reform. |
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| all living organisms and volcanoes produce carbon dioxide. forests, oceans, and soil absorb it from the air |
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| the flow of chemicals and energy |
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| energy enters biological systems in the form of sunlight, which is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis. The products of photosynthesis are broken down during cellular respiration to produce carbon dioxide and water release energy. |
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| process of plants using energy from sunlight to produce organic molecules |
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| the buried remains of ancient plants and microorganisms that have been transformed by heat and pressure into coal, oil, and natural gas. Humans burn these to create energy which releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere |
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| main function is to convert the energy stored in chemical bonds of food into energy that cells can use. energy is stored in the electrons of chemical bonds, and when the bonds are broken, energy can be moved from one molecule to another. cells use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as their energy source. |
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| ATP is a nucleotide(sugar+phosphate+nitrogen base) triphosphate...the phosphates are all negatively charged |
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| one way for ATP to energize other compunds, it adds a phosphate. when a molecule needs energy, the phosphate is transferred to that molecule which now has the energy to perform its job |
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| ATP helps power (a) mechanical work, such as the movement of proteins in muscles, (b) transport work such as the movement of substances across membranes during active transport, and (c) chemical work such as the making of complex molecules from simpler ones |
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| equation for carbohydrate breakdown |
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| glucose + 6oxygen ---> 6carbon dixoxide + 6water |
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| the 6-carbon glucose molecule is first broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. this part of the process of cellular respiration occurs outside of any organelle in the fluid cytosol. does not require oxygen but does produce a small amount of ATP. organisms in an anaerobic environment rely on glycosis for energy generation |
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| organelles found in both plant and animal cells, have an inner and an outer membrane , there is a space between the two membranes called the intermembrane space which contains semifluid known as the matrix |
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| a series of reactions catalyzed by 8 different enzymes, located in the matrix of each mitochondria. the Krebs cycle breaks down the remains of a carbohydrate, harvesting its electrons and releaing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. it also removes electrons for use in producing ATP |
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| NADH, which is produced through the Krebs cycle, brings electrons removed from the original glucose molecule to the electron transport chain. after dropping off its electrons, the carrier can be loaded up again to bring more electrons to the electron transport chain |
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| the electron transport chain |
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| energy from electrons added to the top of the electron transport chain is used to produce ATP |
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| protein channel in the membrane from which charged ions escape. it uses the energy generated by the rushing H+ ions to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate |
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| metabolism of other macromolecules |
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| carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can all undergo cellular respiration; they just feed into different parts of the metabolic pathway |
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| burning carbohydrates releases energy in 2 ways |
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| (a) when it is uncontrolled, energy is released in heat and light (b) controlled burn through eating, they release energy that is used to drive the synthesis of ATP |
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| carbon dioxide + water + light energy---> glucose + oxygen |
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| adjustable microscopic pores found on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange. Carbon dioxide enters the plant and oxygen leaves through these openings |
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| microscopic organelles found in plant cells, has an inner and outer membrane, more membranes are found inside the chloroplast housed in the liquid, stroma. these membranes are called thylakoids when separate and grana when stacked. |
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| during the light reactions of photosynthesis, light strikes chlorophyll molecules located in the thylakoid membrane, exciting electrons that then move to a higher energy level. The energy of the excited electrons is harvested in a stepwise manner as the electrons are handed down an electron transport chain, producing ATP and NADPH that will be used by the calvin cycle. The proton gradient is generated inside the thylakoid. ATP and NADPH are produced in the stroma where they will be available to the enzymes of the Calvin cycle. |
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| carbon dioxide enters the calvin cycle. the energy of ATP is used to add hydrogens and electrons from NADPH to produce sugars |
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| process by which water can move out of the plant through the stomatal opening |
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