Term
| The evolutionary divergence of members of a single phylogenetic lineage into a variety of different adaptive forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The growth of a feature during ontogeny at a rate different from that of another feature with which it is compared |
|
Definition
| Allometry (Allometric Growth) |
|
|
Term
| The evolution of species involving an entire population rather than a branching event |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A monophyletic group which is the set of species which have descended from a particular ancestral species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branching patterns which classifies organisms on the basis of the historical sequences by which they have diverged from common ancestors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An evolutionary splitting event in a species in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a clade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic trees are a branching diagram which depicts relationships among taxa and demonstrates the ways in which they have evolved from common ancestors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remain unchanged over long periods of time among the many descendants of an ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of species consisting of living representatives, their ancestors back to the most recent common ancestor of that group, and all of that ancestor's descendants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The evolution of a character from a derived state back toward a condition that resembles an earlier state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A succession of changes of a character in the same direction, either within a single lineage or in many lineages independently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plays a major role in evolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An evolutionary change in phenotype caused by an alteration of timing of developmental events |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary change in spatial patterning of development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characters in different organisms that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor that also had that character |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The raising of the soul of a particular animal to a level so much higher than that attained by its group-soul that it can no longer return to the latter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group which contains all the descendants of a common ancestor: the group has a common ancestor unique to itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concept that evolutionary change takes place in some body parts or systems without simultaneous changes in other parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The slowing down of somatic development. The result is that reproduction happens in what was ancestrally a juvenile morphologic stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homologous sequences are ___________ if they were separated by a speciation event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the copies of a single gene in the two resulting species are said to be _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has occurred when reproduction is seen in what was ancestrally a juvenile morphological stage. This can be the result of neoteny or progenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genes or gene products that are homologous (descended from a common ancestor) and that result from a gene duplication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members, but not all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A phylogenetic change in which individuals of a species mature past adulthood and take on hitherto unseen traits. It is the reverse of paedomorphosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a taxon is composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a cell or organism possesses two or more chromosome complements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The speeding up of the germ line. The result is paedomorphosis - reproduction happens in what was ancestrally a juvenile morphologic stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All the taxa in a clade preceding a major cladogenesis event. They are often difficult to recognize because they may not possess synapomorpies found in the crown group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term for when a taxa originated elsewhere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term for when a taxa evolved within the region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Established by Wallace and coined the Paleartic, Neartic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The study of organisms throughout various geographic distributions.
Geology, paleontology, systematics, and ecology are fields included |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A taxon with a ________ __________ is one which has two or more groups that are related but widely separated geographically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The extension of the geographic range of a species by movement of individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concerned with current distribution patterns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The environmental conditions in which a species is capable of maintaining a stable population size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The environmental conditions a species occupies |
|
Definition
| Realized ecological niche |
|
|
Term
| A species which is restricted to a specified region or locality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concerned with long-term and large-scale distributions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When closely related species share common ecological requirements, most likely derived from their shared common ancestor |
|
Definition
| Phylogenetic niche conservatism |
|
|
Term
| The description and analysis of what is responsible for the geographic distribution of lineages and genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations due to the development of a geographic or ecological barrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inheritance in which the heterozygote’s phenotype is precisely intermediate between those of the homozygotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of several forms of the same gene, presumably differing by mutation of the DNA sequence. Usually reorganized by their phenotypic effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A polyploid in which the several chromosome sets are derived from more than one species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of a cell or organisms, possessing too many or too few of one or more chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A polyploid in which the several chromosome sets are derived from the same species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutation of a “mutant” allele back to the allele (usually the wild type) from which it arose. Usually detected by its phenotypic effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In nucleic acids, the pairs of purines (adenine, A, or guanine, G) and pyrimidines (thymine, T, or cytosine, C) that make up a genome’s genetic material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The replacement of one nucleotide base pair (e.g., A–T) by another (e.g., G–C), or of one amino acid by another, in an entire population or species. Sometimes, but not always, changes the amino acid specified by the genetic code |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A triplet of nucleotides in mRNA that direct the placement of a particular amino acid into a polypeptide chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Areas on a protein-encoding gene that regulate transcription of one strand of the gene into RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of an allele, the extent to which it produces when heterozygous the same phenotype as when homozygous. Of a species, the extent to which it is numerically (or otherwise) predominant in a community |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Having a balanced complement of chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| That part of a gene that is translated into a polypeptide (protein) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process whereby a chromosome splits, resulting in an additional chromosome in the genome. One of the mutational foundations for the evolution of chromosome number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An insertion or deletion of base pairs in a translated DNA sequence that alters the reading frame, resulting in multiple downstream changes in the gene product |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process whereby two chromosome fuse, resulting in one less chromosome in the genome. One of the mutational foundations for the evolution of chromosome number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The functional unit of heredity. A complex concept |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two or more loci with similar nucleotide sequences that have been derived from a common ancestral sequence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The set of instructions, in the form of nucleotide triplets, that translate a linear sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a linear sequence of amino acids in a protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A DNA sequence that differs from homologous sequences at one or more base pair sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A genome or individual that is heterozygous for a chromosomal rearrangement such as an inversion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mutation that causes a transformation of one structure into another of the organism’s structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A genome or individual that is homozygous for a chromosomal rearrangement such as an inversion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recombination that takes place within a gene (as opposed to between genes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A part of a gene that is not translated into a polypeptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 180° reversal of the orientation of a part of a chromosome, relative to some standard chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chromosome complement of an individual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A site on a chromosome occupied by a specific gene; more loosely, the gene itself, in all its allelic states |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A short, highly repeated, untranslated DNA sequence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An error in the replication of a nucleotide sequence, or any other alteration of the genome that is not manifested as reciprocal recombination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The increment in the genetic variance of a phenotypic character caused by new mutations in each generation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A base pair substitution in DNA that results in an amino acid substitution in the protein product |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A phenotypic effect of a gene on more than one character |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In classic genetics, a mutation that maps to a single gene locus. In modern usage, often restricted to single base pair substitutions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A character whose variation is based wholly or in part on allelic variation at more than a few loci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of a cell or organism, possessing more than two chromosome complements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pseudogene that has arisen via the retrotransposition of mRNA into cDNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A nonfunctional member of a gene family that has been derived from a functional gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In genetics, an allele associated with a phenotypic effect only when in the homozygous state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exchange of segments, by breakage and reunion, between two nonhomologous chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Repeated origin of mutations of a particular kind within a species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The occurrence of repeated base pairs in a gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cDNA copy of RNA; most are produced by processed pseudogenes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The complete replacement of one allele by another within a population or species over evolutionary time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fixation of a base pair change that does not alter the amino acid in the protein product of a gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In DNA, a pattern of repeated sequences of base pairs (e.g., ABBC) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mutation that changes a nucleotide to another nucleotide in the same class (purine or pyrimidine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A DNA sequence, copies of which become inserted into various sites in the genome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The production of copies of genetic material that become inserted into new positions in the genome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mutation that changes a nucleotide to another nucleotide in the opposite class (purine or pyrimidine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In recombination, the unequal exchange of genetic material. Occurs most commonly when two repeated genes or sequences mispair with their homologues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The allele, genotype, or phenotype that is most prevalent (if there is one) in wild populations; with reference to the wild-type allele, other alleles are often termed mutations |
|
Definition
|
|
