Term
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Definition
| it is a decrease in death rate is usually followed by decrease in birth rate. |
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Term
| Genetic unit. [gene pool] |
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Definition
• An interbreeding group of organisms occupying a particular space
at a given time.
• Together the genes of all individuals found in the population form
the gene pool of the population.
– Sum total of all genes in a population |
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Term
| What determines the growth of a population? |
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Definition
Gains in popllations are due to natality :births; immigration
Losses in populations are due to mortality and emigration
The growth of a population is determined by the population rate of increase ® over a period of time.
-in a closed system:
R= birth rate-death rate
R=250/1000-70/1000
R=0.25-0.07
R=.18 or 18% rate of growth per year
Population growth: Nt=N0 + rN0
You need to look at emigration
rateN=# of organisms
N0=type?
R= 0.6 – high intrinsic rate of increase
R=0.02 low intrine
R=0 zero population growth
R= -.05 negative intrinsic rate of increase
Population growth reflects the balance between birth and death rates (the value of r)
For example, Mexico’s population has grown explosively even though its birth rate has declined |
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Term
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Definition
Principle: Populations tend to increase exponentially under ideal or
optimum conditions
• Exponential Growth – the J curve.
– Term often used in a non‐technical way to convey surprisingly fast growth.
– Occurs when growth of a population g p p is proportionate to its size.
• G= r(N).
• Population Growth : Nt = N0 + rN0
• Refer to the field mice data table – generation column
– As the base number (N1, N2, N3 etc.) grows larger, the faster the population
grows.
• r value does not change: growth rate is not accelerating only the actual increase in
numbers is faster.
• Exponential growth is also called J curve
What is meant by exponential growth?
is an outcome of the biotic potential of a species.
– The maximum reproductive rate reached under ideal conditions – no
environmental limits.
• Varies by species
• A function of genetics which includes litter size, no. of litters per year, gestation
period, age of sexual maturity etc.
• In plants it would include seed production, pollination conditions etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| provide an environmental resistance which acts as a negataive feedback to suppress population growth, causing the population to “plateau.” |
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Term
| What is the “plateau” on the logistic curve |
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Definition
It is called the carrying capacity of the ecosystem
The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is the number of
organisms of a particular species that an ecosystem can
support or sustain.
– It is determined by a number of factors including:
• Food supply
• Amount of cover
• Nesting sites,
• Spawning sites
• Water supply and other necessary resource availability
– The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is a dynamic number.
• Will change if environmental factors or conditions necessary to maintain
the population change. |
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Term
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Definition
Functional role of a population
-Who does it compete with for food nesting sites?
-What trophic level of the ecosystem’s food web does it occupy?
-What service does it provide to an ecosystem? |
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Term
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Definition
| an interbreeding group of organisms occupying a particular space at a given time. |
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Term
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Definition
| together the genes of all individual found in the population, sum of all total genes |
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| species are reproductively isolated from one another, members from other species cannot interbreed, reproductive barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of alleles within a gene pool, does not occur between species |
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Term
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Definition
| what percentage of the population all in different stages of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| clustered, unifiorm, and random |
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Term
| What determines the growth of a population? Include the terms natality, morality, immigration, emigration |
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Definition
The growth of a population is determined by the population rate of an increase (r) over a period of time. Nt=N0+rN0
Natality- births
Mortality- deaths
Immigration- coming in
Emigration- leaving |
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Term
| Compare the exponential growth (J shape curve) of a population to logistic growth (S shape curve). What is meant by exponential growth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - J shape curve, populations tend to increase exponentially under ideal or optimum conditions, an outcome of the biotic potential of a species, no environmental limits, varies by species. |
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Term
| What factors determine the different growth rates and cause the population to “plateau”? |
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Definition
| Factors- density dependent and density independent factors. |
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Term
| What is the “plateau” on the logistic curve called? Explain it fully. |
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Definition
| Plateau- the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. Environmental limits provide an environmental resistance, which acts as a negative feedback to suppress population growth. |
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Term
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Definition
the number of organisms of a particular species that an ecosystem can support or sustain.
• Food supply
• Amount of cover
• Nesting sites
• Spawning sites
• Water supply and other necessary resources availability |
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Term
| Use the example of the St. Matthew Island reindeer herd as an example to explain population growth and limits on population growth. Why did that population crash? |
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Definition
| The population of reindeer started at 29 in 1944. The population exponentially grew over the next 20-40 years. Then by the 1980’s there were 0 reindeer. At first the reindeer were healthy, young, ideal conditions (plenty of food, no predators). As the years went on they lost their food supply and no longer were as strong as they were, less body fat. Crash? No food, cold weather, tight living spaces. |
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Term
| State Liebig’s law of the minimum. Apply this to the process of photosynthesis. |
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Definition
The rate of biological process will be limited by the factor in the shortest supply (i.e. biotic potential).
Photosynthesis is a biological process and its components are sunlight, water and CO2. Water is the limiting factor, because without it, photosynthesis cannot be performed. |
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Term
| Population growth is the result of two opposing factors |
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Definition
| Biotic potential and environmental resistance |
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Term
| environmental resistance identify those which would be considered density dependent factors and those that are density independent. |
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Definition
the fit members of the population survive and reproduce.
Density dependent factors-space; energy and nutrients; infectious disease; predation
Density independent factors- weather extremes, human activities |
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Term
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Definition
| those individuals in a population with characteristics best suited to the environment have the best chance of surviving and successfully reproducing. |
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Term
| Why the recent increase in world human population? |
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Definition
-technology has improved living conditions (Industrial Revolution has increased leisure time)
-medical advances-vaccinations
-agricultural revolution
-biotech applications (GMO)
-Third world development |
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Term
| What type of population growth does the recent human pop growth resemble? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of biologically productive land needed to supply people with resources needed to maintain a certain living. |
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Term
| scientific considerations |
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Definition
| the world’s carrying capacity of human population; sustainable use of resources; natural resources (renewable and non-renewable) |
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Term
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Definition
| GDP, the American Dream and Affluence, Ecological Footprint |
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Term
| Political/Societal Values |
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Definition
| - China’s population policies; Planned Parenthood |
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Term
| Spiritual- Biblical Worldview |
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Definition
| be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth |
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Term
| What is the demographic transition of a population? Compare Germany an industrialized western European country to South Africa, a developing country with regard to the demographic transition. |
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Definition
Demographic transition of a population- generally in human populations, a decrease in death rate is followed by a decrease in birth rate
Germany would have a longer demographic transition compared to country in South Africa |
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Term
| Explain the correlation between population growth rates, affluence, and female literacy. |
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Definition
| The higher the female literacy the lower the population and a higher female literacy yields higher affluence (more $) |
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Term
| Explain the overview of the dynamics of an ecosystem (reference the diagram from the slides on the t drive – what could each arrow represent? |
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Definition
Ecosystems are dynamic and open to environmental disturbances.
Ecosystems exchange materials with the environment.
Intra specific relationships vs. inter specific. (Water, pollination)
See picture in notes. |
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Term
| Give a full description of what an ecosystem is and its components i.e. differentiate between the abiotic and biotic components. |
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Definition
Any area of nature that has living and non-living components that are interacting to produce and exchange materials.
Ecosystem consists of: all organisms in a given area (biota, plants, animals, microbes, populations make up the community); of the physical environment of the area (abiotic- soil, water, temperature, minerals, air, solar energy).
Abiotic- non-living
Biotic-living |
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Term
| Distinguish between populations and communities
Identify two factors or variables that determine the type of ecosystem (biome) found in an area. |
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Definition
Populations make up communities.
Temperature and Precipitation determine type of ecosystem. |
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Term
| What is symbiosis? Give examples of three types of symbiotic relationships. What is a “keystone species”? Give an example |
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Definition
Symbiosis- two organisms that live in close association with one another
1. Mutualism- both benefit
2. Commensalism- one benefits, other is neutral
3. Parasitism- one benefits other is harmed
“Keystone species”- a species that has a significant impact on ecosystem, alters the ecosystem
Ex. American Alligator, Northern Gray Wolf |
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Term
| List and describe the relationship between two biological processes that are foundational to energy flow through an ecosystem. Which of the two is the key reaction? |
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Definition
Photosynthesis- primary reaction
-Respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Incoming Solar Radiation- foundational process in an ecosystem, conserved and compatible energy |
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Term
| Describe trophic structure of an ecosystem and a food chain and distinguish between autotroph and heterotroph; producers and consumers. Be familiar with the Biodiversity of Cedar Lake Lab as an example of these ideas and concepts. |
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Definition
Trophic structure- dividing organisms into their specific category depending on what they consume
Autotroph Producer- bottom of the chain, capable of making organic molecules by photosynthesis
Heterotroph- an organism that is unable to make its own organic molecules as a food source, consumer |
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Term
| Describe the concept of productivity. Also explain GPP – R = NPP. |
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Definition
Primary production- a process whereby plants, algae, and some bacteria capture the energy of light and transform it into the energy of chemical bonds in carbohydrate
-gross primary production- total energy assimilated by primary producers
-net primary production- energy accumulated by primary producers (measured biomass)
Gross Production Rate- r (birth-death) =net primary production
-measured in biomass (dry weight)
****-determines # of consumers in an ecosystem |
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Term
| What environmental factors determine the level of GPP in an ecosystem? (2) |
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Definition
Precipitation- the greater the precipitation= greater biomass
-Temperature- higher temp=greater |
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