Term
| In very small animals, metabolic needs are met by simple __________, the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many small, aquatic invertebrates have no __________ system. Instead, fluid between the cells, called __________ __________, or tissue fluid, bathes the cells and provides a medium for diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes. |
|
Definition
1) Circulatory
2) Interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| In animals that are many cells thick, specialized __________ __________ transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other materials to the interstitial fluid surround all the cells and remove __________ wastes. |
|
Definition
1) Circulatory systems
2) Metabolic |
|
|
Term
| A circulatory system (increases/decreases) the diffusion distance that needed materials must travel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The human circulatory system, known as the __________ __________, is the focus of extensive research because cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the US and most other industrial societies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized circulatory structures are absent in what 5 groups of organisms? |
|
Definition
1) Sponges
2) Cnidarians
3) Ctenophores
4) Flatworms
5) Roundworms |
|
|
Term
| The flattened body of the flatworm permits effective gas exchange by __________; for digestion they utilized a __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Diffusion
2) Gastrovascular cavity |
|
|
Term
| The branching excretory system of __________ provides for internal transport of metabolic wastes that are expelled from the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluid in the body cavity of __________ and other pseudocoelomates helps to circulate materials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A circulatory system typically has the following components:
1. __________, a connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments dispersed in fluid known as __________;
2. A pumping organ, generally a __________;
3. A system of __________ __________ or spaces through which blood circulates. |
|
Definition
1) Blood
2) Plasma
3) Heart
4) Blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| __________ and __________ have an open circulatory system, in which the heart pumps blood into vessels that have open ends. |
|
Definition
1) Arthropods
2) Mollusks |
|
|
Term
| The blood and interstitial fluid of arthropods and mollusks is usually indistinguishable and is collectively referred to as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In arthropods and mollusks, hemolyph spills out of the open ends of the blood vessels filling large spaces called __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In arthropods and mollusks, the sinuses make up the __________ which is not part of the coelom. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the __________ circulatory system of most mollusks, the heart typically has __________ chambers.
-The two __________ receive hemolymph from the gills.
-The single __________ pumps oxygen-rich hemolymph into blood vessels that conduct it into the large sinuses of the __________. |
|
Definition
1) Open
2) Atria
3) Ventricles
4) Hemocoel |
|
|
Term
| Some mollusks, as well as arthropods, have a hemolymph pigment, __________, containing __________ that transports oxygen. When oxygenated, __________ is blue and imparts a bluish color to the hemolymph of the animals! |
|
Definition
1) Hemocyanin
2) Copper
3) Hemocyanin |
|
|
Term
| In arthropods, a __________ heart pumps hemolymph into arteries, blood vessels that deliver it to the sinuses of the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In arthropods, hemolymph enters the heart through __________, tiny openings equipped with valves that prevent backflow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In crayfish and other crustaceans, gas exchange takes place as hemolymph circulates through the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In insects, __________ mainly distributes nutrients and hormones, and oxygen diffuses directly to the cells through a system of air tubes called __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three groups of organisms that have a closed circulatory system? |
|
Definition
1) Annelids
2) Mollusks
3) Cephalopods |
|
|
Term
| In organisms with a closed circulatory system, the walls of the smallest blood vessels, the __________, are thin enough to permit diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood in the vessels and the __________ __________ that bathes the cells. |
|
Definition
1) Capillaries
2) Interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| A rudimentary closed circulatory system characterizes proboscis worms (Phylum __________). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Earthworms and other annelids have a __________ circulatory system.
In the anterior area, __________ pairs of contractile blood vessels (sometimes called "__________") connect dorsal and ventral vessels. |
|
Definition
1) Closed
2) Five
3) Hearts |
|
|
Term
| Earthworms have __________, the same red pigment that transports oxygen in vertebrae blood; however, their hemoglobin is contained within the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All __________ have a ventral, muscular __________ that pumps blood into a closed system of blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________, the tiniest blood vessels, have very thin walls that permit exchange of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid in __________. |
|
Definition
1) Capillaries
2) Vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| What are the six main components of the vertebrae circulatory system? |
|
Definition
1) Heart
2) Blood vessels
3) Blood
4) Lymph
5) Lymph vessels
6) Associated organs |
|
|
Term
The functions of the circulatory system include:
1. Transport nutrients from the __________ __________ and from storage depots to each cell
2. Transports oxygen from __________ structures to the cells.
3. Transports metabolic __________ from each cell to organs that excrete them.
4. Transports __________ from endocrine glands to target tissues.
5. Helps maintain __________ __________
6. Helps distribute metabolic __________ within the body, which helps maintain a constant body temperature in endothermic animals.
7. Helps maintain appropriate __________
8. Defends the body against invading __________. |
|
Definition
1) Digestive system
2) Respiratory
3) Wastes
4) Hormones
5) Fluid balance
6) Heat
7) PH
8) Microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| In vertebrates, blood consists of a pale yellowish fluid called __________, in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total circulating blood volume in females is __________ liters and in male is __________ liters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About __________ of blood volume is plasma; the remaining __________ is made of blood cells and platelets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells and platelets are (heavier/lighter) than plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma consists of __________ (about 92%), __________ (about 7%), __________, and a variety of materials being transported, such as dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones. |
|
Definition
1) Water
2) Proteins
3) Salts |
|
|
Term
| Plasma is in __________ __________ with the interstitial fluid bathing the cells and with the intracellular fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three groups of plasma proteins that compose plasma? |
|
Definition
1) Fibrinogen
2) Globulins
3) Albumin |
|
|
Term
| __________ is one of the proteins involved in the clotting process. When the proteins involved in the process have been removed from the plasma, the remaining liquid is called __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ globulins include certain hormones and proteins that transport hormones; __________, a protein involved in blood clotting; and __________-__________ __________, which transport fats and cholesterol. |
|
Definition
1) Alpha
2) Prothrombin
3) High-density lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| __________ globulins include other __________ that transport fat and cholesterol, as well as proteins that transport certain vitamins and minerals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ globulin fraction contains many types of antibodies that provide immunity to disease such as measles and infectious hepatitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma proteins, especially __________ and __________, help regulate distribution of fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid, and maintain __________ of the blood within a narrow range. |
|
Definition
1) Albumin
2) Globulin
3) pH |
|
|
Term
__________, informally called __________ __________ __________, are highly specialized for transporting oxygen.
-In mammals, the __________ is ejected during development.
-Maintain a __________ shape to bend and twist as it passes through blood vessels even smaller than its own diameter.
-__________ shape also provides a high ratio of __________ __________ (think size) to volume, allowing efficient diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the cell. |
|
Definition
1) Erythrocytes
2) Red blood cells (RBCs)
3) Nucleus
4) Biconcave
5) Biconcave
6) Surface area |
|
|
Term
| Erythrocytes are produced within the __________ __________ __________ of certain bones, such as vertebrae, ribs, breastbone, skull bones, and long bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The life span of a human RBC is about __________ days. They are then disassembled, with some of their components __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBC production is regulated by the protein __________, which the __________ release in response to a decrease in oxygen. |
|
Definition
1) Erythroprotein
2) Kidneys |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a deficiency in hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The three general causes of anemia are:
1. Loss of blood from __________ or internal bleeding;
2. Decreased production of hemoglobin or RBCs, as an __________-deficiency anemia or __________ anemia;
3. Increase rate of RBC destruction - the __________ anemias, such as sickle cell anemia. |
|
Definition
1) Hemorrhage
2) Iron
3) Pernicious
4) Hemolytic |
|
|
Term
| The __________ or __________ __________ __________, are specialized to defend the body against harmful bacteria and other microorganisms. |
|
Definition
1) Leukocytes
2) White blood cells (WBCs) |
|
|
Term
Leukocytes are capable of (dependent/independent) movement and there are __________ types, classified as either __________ or __________.
-WBCs are manufactured in the __________ __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Independent
2) Five
3) Granular
4) Agranular
5) Red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ are characterized by large lobed nuclei and distinctive granules in their cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of granular leukocytes? |
|
Definition
1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils |
|
|
Term
| __________, the principal phagocytic cells in the blood, are especially adept at seeking out and ingesting bacteria and dead cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________ have large granules that strain bright red with eosin, an acidic dye.
-The lysosomes of these WBCs contain enzymes such as __________ and __________, which suggests that they function in detoxifying foreign products and other substances.
-(Increase/decrease) in number during allergic reactions and parasitic infestations. |
|
Definition
1) Eosinophils
2) Oxidase
3) Peroxidase
4) Increase |
|
|
Term
__________ exhibit deep blue granules when stained with basic dyes.
-Play a role in __________ reactions (similar to eosinophils).
-(Do/don't) contain lysosomes.
-Granules in their cytoplasm contain __________, a substance that dilates blood vessels and makes capillaries more permeable.
-Contain __________, an anticoagulant that helps prevent blood from clotting inappropriately within the blood vessels. |
|
Definition
1) Basophils
2) Allergic
3) Don't
4) Histamine
5) Heparin |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ lack large, distinctive granules and their nuclei are rounded or kidney shaped. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of agranular leukocytes? |
|
Definition
1) Lymphocytes
2) Monocytes |
|
|
Term
| Some __________ are specialized to produce antibodies, whereas others directly attack foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________ are the largest WBCs, and complete their development in tissues after being in the blood for __________ hours.
Monocytes enlarge and become __________, a giant scavenger cell that engulf bacteria, dead cells, and debris. |
|
Definition
1) Monocytes
2) 24
3) Macrophage |
|
|
Term
| During bacterial infections, WBCs may (increase/decrease) sharply. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a form of cancer in which any one of the various kinds of WBCs multiplies rapidly within the bone marrow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most vertebrates other than mammals, the blood contains small, oval, nucleated cells called __________ that function in blood clotting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mammals have __________, tiny spherical or disc-shaped bits of cytoplasm that lack __________ (organelle) and were pinched off of very large cells in the __________ __________ (place where cells are made). |
|
Definition
1) Platelets
2) Nuclei
3) Bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| __________ function in blood clotting and mat stimulate the immune response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In __________, one clotting factor is absent as a result of an inherited genetic mutation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________, a plasma protein manufactured in the liver, requires vitamin K for its production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the presence of clotting factors, __________ ions, and compounds release from platelets, prothrombin is converted to __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to an insoluble protein, __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ polymerizes and produces long threads that stick to an injured surface of a blood vessel to form the webbing of a clot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main types of blood vessels in the vertebrate circulatory system? |
|
Definition
1) Arteries
2) Capillaries
3) Veins |
|
|
Term
| An __________ carries blood away from a heart chamber, toward other tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an artery enters an organ, it divides into many smaller branches called __________, which deliver blood into the microscopic __________. |
|
Definition
1) Arterioles
2) Capillaries |
|
|
Term
| After blood circulates through an organ, capillaries merge to form __________ that channel the blood back to the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The wall of an artery or vein has three layers:
-The innermost layer, which lines the __________ __________ consists mainly of endotehlium, a tissue that resembles __________ (type of epithelium) epithelium;
-The middle layer is __________ tissue and __________ (type of muscle) muscle cells; and
-The outer coat is __________ tissue rich in elastic and collagen fibers. |
|
Definition
1) Blood vessels
2) Squamous
3) Connective
4) Smooth
5) Connective |
|
|
Term
| Gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluid bathing the cells through the __________ walls, which are only one cell thick. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle in the arteriole wall can constrict (__________) or relax (__________), changing the radius of the arteriole. These changes help to maintain appropriate blood __________ and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Vasoconstriction
2) Vasodilation
3) Pressure
4) Volume |
|
|
Term
| What are the three organs that frequently receive the largest portions of blood? |
|
Definition
1) Liver
2) Kidneys
3) Brain |
|
|
Term
| The small vessels that directly link arterioles with __________ (small veins) are __________. |
|
Definition
1) Venules
2) Metarterioles |
|
|
Term
| Whenever a capillary branches from a metarteriole, a smooth muscle cells serves as a __________ __________ that opens and closes continuously, directing blood first to one and then to another section of tissue. |
|
Definition
| 1) Precapillary sphincter |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ regulate the blood supply to each organ and its subdivisions. |
|
Definition
| 1) Precapillary sphincters |
|
|
Term
| The vertebrate heart has one or two __________, chambers that receive blood returning from the tissues, and one or two __________ that pump blood into the arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ heart has one atrium and one ventricle.
-The atrium pumps blood into the ventricle, which pumps blood into a single circuit of __________ __________.
-Blood is __________ as it passes through capillaries in the gills.
-After blood circulates through the gill capillaries, its pressure is (high/low) so it passes very slowly to
other organs. |
|
Definition
1) Fish
2) Blood vessels
3) Oxygenated
4) Low |
|
|
Term
| In amphibians, blood flows through a double circuit: the __________ __________ and the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Pulmonary circulation
2) Systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
The __________ heart has two atria and one ventricle.
- A __________ __________ collects oxygen-poor blood returning from the veins and pumps it into the right atrium.
-Blood returning from the __________ passes directly into the left atrium.
-Both atria pump into the single __________, but oxygen-poor blood is pumped out of the ventricle before oxygen-rich blood enters it.
-Blood passes into an artery, the __________ __________, equipped with a fold that helps keep the blood separate. |
|
Definition
1) Amphibian
2) Sinus venosus
3) Lungs
4) Ventricle
5) Conus arterious |
|
|
Term
In the amphibian heart, much of the oxygen-poor blood is directed into the __________ __________ which delivers it to the lungs and skin, where it is recharged with oxygen.
Likewise, the __________ __________ delivers oxygen-rich blood into arteries that conduct it to the various tissues of the body. |
|
Definition
1) Pulmonary circulation
2) Systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| In crocodilians, the wall between the ventricles is __________, so the heart consists of two atria and two ventricles. Thus, a four-chambered heart originated among the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unlike birds and mammals, amphibians and reptiles do not __________ their lungs continuously. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In all birds and mammals (and crocodilians), the septum (wall) between the ventricles is __________; biologists hypothesize that this twice during vertebrate evolution; first in the __________-__________ clade and then independently in __________. |
|
Definition
1) Complete
2) Crocodilian-bird
3) Mammals |
|
|
Term
In birds and mammals, the septum between the __________ prevents oxygen-rich blood in the __________ chamber from mixing with oxygen-poor blood in the __________ chamber.
The conus arteriosus has split and become the base of the __________ (largest artery) and the pulmonary artery.
No sinus venosus is present as a separate chamber, but a vestige remains as the __________ __________ (pacemaker). |
|
Definition
1) Ventricles
2) Left
3) Right
4) Aorta
5) Sinoatrial node |
|
|
Term
| The complete double circulatory circuit in birds and mammals allows the maintenance of relatively high blood pressures in the __________ circulation and modest pressures in the __________ circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since __________ and __________ blood contains more oxygen per unit volume and circulates more rapidly than in other vertebrates, their tissues receive more oxygen and as a result can maintain __________ metabolic rates, and a constant, __________ body temperature even in cold surroundings. |
|
Definition
1) Birds
2) Mammals
3) High
4) High |
|
|
Term
| To meet the body's challenging needs, the heart can vary its output from __________ liters to more than __________ liters of blood per minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the chest cavity under the __________.
-Its wall consists mainly of __________ (type of muscle) muscle attached to a framework of collagen fibers.
-The __________ is a touch connective tissue sac that encloses the heart.
-A smooth layer of __________ covers the inner surface of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.
-Between the endothelium and pericardium is a small __________ __________ filled with fluid, which reduces friction to a minimum as the heart beats. |
|
Definition
1) Breastbone
2) Cardiac
3) Pericardium
4) Endothelium
5) Pericardial cavity |
|
|
Term
A wall, or __________ separates the right atrium and ventricle from the left atrium and ventricle.
Between the aria, the wall is known as the __________ __________; between the ventricles, the __________ __________.
A shallow depression, the __________ __________ on the interatrial septum marks the place where an opening, the __________ __________ was located in the fetal heart.
-In the fetus, the __________ __________ let blood flow directly from right to left atrium, so very little passes to the nonfunctional lungs. |
|
Definition
1) Septum
2) Interatrial septum
3) Interventricular septum
4) Fossa ovalis
5) Foramen ovale
6) Formaen ovale |
|
|
Term
| A small muscular pouch called an __________ lies at the upper surface of each atrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the __________ __________ __________, or __________ __________.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the __________ __________ __________, and is also known as the __________ __________ or __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Right atrioventricular valve (AV)
2) Tricuspid valve
3) Left AV valve
4) Mitral valve
5) Bicuspid valve |
|
|
Term
| AV valves are held in place by stout cords, or "heartstrings," the __________ __________. These cords attach the valves to the papillary muscles that project from the walls of the ventricles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When blood returning from the tissues fills the atria, blood pressure on the __________ __________ forces them to open into the __________, filling them with blood. Likewise, as the __________ contact, blood is forced back against the __________ __________, pushing them closed. |
|
Definition
1) AV valves
2) Ventricles
3) Ventricles
4) AV valves |
|
|
Term
__________ __________ (named for their flaps, which are shaped like half-moons) guard the exits from the heart.
The SV between the left ventricle and the aorta is the __________ __________, and the one between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Semilunar valves
2) Aortic valve
3) Pulmonary valve |
|
|
Term
| When blood passes out of the ventricles the flaps of the __________ __________ are pushed aside and offer no resistance to blood flow. However, when the ventricles are relaxing and filling with blood from the __________, blood pressure in the __________ is higher than that in the ventricles. Blood then fills the pouches of the __________ __________, stretching them across the artery so blood cannot flow back into the ventricle. |
|
Definition
1) Semilunar valves
2) Atria
3) Arteries
4) Semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| Contractions of __________ (muscle type)muscle begin within the muscle itself and can occur (dependently/independently) of any nerve supply. |
|
Definition
1) Cardiac
2) Independently |
|
|
Term
At their ends, cardiac muscle cells are joined by dense bands called __________ __________.
Each disc is a type of __________ __________ in which two cells connect through pores.
-Allows very little resistance to the passage of an __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Intercalated discs
2) Gap junction
3) Action potential |
|
|
Term
Action Potential of Cardiac Muscle -Voltage-activated __________ channels open during depolarization of cardiac muscle fibers.
~Entry of __________ contributes to longer depolarization time.
-__________ channels also stays open when the cell is at its resting potential, but closes during depolarization, lengthening the time of depolarization by decreasing membrane permeability to __________.
-Spontaneous contraction results from the combination of a slow decrease in __________ permeability and a slow increase in __________ and __________ permeability. |
|
Definition
1) Ca+
2) Ca+
3) K+
4) K+
5) K+
6) Na+
7) Ca+ |
|
|
Term
| Each heartbeat is initiated by the __________ or the __________ __________; this is a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle in the posterior wall of the __________ __________ near the opening of a large vein, the superior vena cava. |
|
Definition
1) Pacemaker
2) Sinoatrial node (SA)
3) Right atrium |
|
|
Term
| The action potentials in the SA node are primarily triggered by the opening of __________ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ __________ is located in the right atrium along the lower part of the septum. Here, transmission is delayed briefly so that the __________ finish contracting before the __________ contract.
From the AV node the action potential spreads into specialized muscle fibers that make up the __________ __________.
The __________ __________ divides, sending branches into each ventricle.
Fibers of the bundle branches divide further, eventually forming small __________ __________.
When an impulse reaches the end of the __________ __________, it spreads through the ordinary cardiac muscle fibers of the ventricles. |
|
Definition
1) Atrioventricular (AV) node
2) Atria
3) Ventricles
4) AV bundle
5) AV bundle
6) Purkinje fibers
7) Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| Through placing electrodes on the body surface on opposite sides of the heart, a physician cam amplify and record electrical activity - the graph produced is called an __________ (__________ or __________). |
|
Definition
1) Electrocardiogram
2) EKG
3) ECG |
|
|
Term
| In __________ __________, impulse transmission is delayed or blocked at some point in the conduction system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ can help patients with severe heart block. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each minute the heart beats about 70 times; one complete heartbeat takes about 0.8th of a second and is referred to as a __________ __________.
-The portion of the cycle in which contraction occurs is a __________; likewise, the period of relaxation is __________. |
|
Definition
1) Cardiac cycle
2) Systole
3) Diastole |
|
|
Term
__________ __________ is the alternate expansion and recoil of an artery.
Each time the __________ ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, the elastic wall of the __________ expands to accommodate the blood. |
|
Definition
1) Arterial pulse
2) Left
3) Aorta |
|
|
Term
| The first heart sound, "lub," is low-pitched, not loud, and fairly long-lasting. It is caused mainly by the closing of the AV (__________ and __________) valves and marks the beginning of __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Mitral
2) Tricuspid
3) Ventricular systole |
|
|
Term
| The "lub" sound is quickly followed by the higher-pitched, louder, sharper, and shorter, "dup" sound, which is caused by the closing of the __________ __________ and the beginning of __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Semilunar valves
2) Ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
| When the semilunar valves are injured, a soft, hissing noise ("lub-shhh") known as a __________ __________ is heard in place of the normal sound. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The heart is carefully regulated by the __________ and __________ systems. Sensory receptors in the walls of certain blood vessels and heart chambers are sensitive to changes in blood pressure; when stimulated, the receptors send messages to __________ __________ in the __________ of the brain. These cardiac centers govern two sets of autonomic nerves that pass to the __________ __________: parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. |
|
Definition
1) Nervous
2) Endocrine
3) Cardiac centers
4) Medulla
5) Sinoatrial (SA) node |
|
|
Term
__________ nerves release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which (slows/quickens) the heart.
-Acetylcholine slows the rate of depolarization by increasing the membrane's permeability to __________. |
|
Definition
1) Parasympathetic
2) Slows
3) K+ |
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Term
__________ nerves release noepinephrine, which (slows/quickens) the heart rate and (increases/decreases) the strength of contraction.
-Noepinephrine stimulates __________ channels to open during depolarization. |
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Definition
1) Sympathetic
2) Quickens
3) Increases
4) Ca+ |
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Term
Norepinephrine and acetylcholine act indirectly on ion channels by activating a __________ __________ process involving a G protein.
Norepinephrine binds to __________-__________ __________, one of two main types of adrenergic receptors.
These receptors are targeted by __________ __________, drugs that block the actions of norepinephrine on the heart and are used clinically in treating __________ and other types of disease. |
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Definition
1) Signal transduction
2) Beta-adrenergic receptors
3) Beta blockers
4) Hypertension |
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Term
In response to response to physical and emotional stressors, the __________ __________ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, which (speed/slow) the heart.
-An elevated body temperature also (increases/decreases) heart rate. |
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Definition
1) Adrenal gland
2) Speeds
3) Increases |
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Term
The volume of blood one ventricle pumps during one beat is the __________ __________.
-It is primarily dependent on __________ __________, the amount of blood the veins deliver to the heart. |
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Definition
1) Stoke volume
2) Venous return |
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Term
According to __________ __________ __________ __________ __________, if the veins deliver more blood to the heart, the heart pumps more blood (within physiological limits).
When extra amounts of blood fill the heart chambers, the cardiac muscle stretch more and contract with greater force, pumping a (smaller/larger) volume of blood into the __________.
Norepinephrine released by __________ nerves and epinephrine released by the __________ __________ during stress also increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle fibers. |
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Definition
1) Starling's law of the heart
2) Larger
3) Arteries
4) Sympathetic
5) Adrenal gland |
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Term
| By multiplying the stoke volume by the number of times the left ventricle beats per minute, we can compute the __________ __________; this is essentially the volume of blood pumped by the __________ ventricle into the __________ in one minute. |
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Definition
1) Cardiac output
2) Left
3) Aorta |
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Term
Cardiac output varies with changes in either __________ __________ or __________ __________
-When __________ __________ increase, cardiac output also increase. |
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Definition
1) Stroke volume
2) Heart rate
3) Stroke volume |
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Term
| __________ __________ is the force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three primary factors that affect blood pressure? |
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Definition
1) Cardiac output (CO)
2) Blood volume
3) Blood flow |
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Term
When CO increases, the increased blood flow causes a (rise/fall) in blood pressure.
When CO decreases, the decreased blood flow causes a (rise/fall) in blood pressure.
If the volume of blood is reduced by __________ or chronic bleeding, the blood pressure (rises/falls).
Likewise, an increase in blood volume results in an (increase/decrease) in blood pressure. |
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Definition
1) Rise
2) Fall
3) Hemorrhage
4) Falls
5) increase |
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Term
| Blood is impeded by __________, when that increases to flow, blood pressure (increases/decreases). |
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Definition
1) Resistance
2) Increases |
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Term
| __________ __________ is the resistance to blood flow caused by blood viscosity and by friction between blood and the blood vessel wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| The length and diameter of a __________ __________ determine the amount of surface area in contact with the blood; a(minor/major) change in blood vessel diameter causes a big change in blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ of blood vessels raises blood pressure; __________ lowers blood pressure. |
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Definition
1) Constriction
2) Dilation |
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Term
| Blood pressure in arteries rises during __________ and falls during __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A normal __________ blood pressure is less than 80 and a normal __________ blood pressure is less than 120. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have a blood pressure of 120 to 139 systolic over 80 to 89 diastolic, you are considered __________, and need to modify your lifestyle to prevent cardiovascular disease and stroke. |
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Definition
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Term
| If your systolic pressure consistently measures 140 or higher or your diastolic pressure measures 90 or higher, you have __________, or __________ __________ __________, which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disease. |
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Definition
1) Hypertension
2) High blood pressure |
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Term
In hypertension, there is usually increased __________ resistance, especially in the __________ and other small arteries.
The heart's workload (increases/decreases) because it must pump against this greater resistance. |
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Definition
1) Vascular
2) Arterioles
3) Increases |
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Term
| __________ is a progressive disease in which the walls of certain arteries are damaged, inflamed, and narrowed as a result of lipid deposits in their walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| Atherosclerosis increases the risk of a __________ __________, or a stroke. |
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Definition
| 1) Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
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Term
| The buildup of fatty substances, smooth muscle fibers, collage, and sometimes calcium is called __________ __________. |
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Definition
| 1) Atherosclerotic plaque |
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Term
| Tissues that are __________ are lacking in blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________ heart disease, the increased need for oxygen during exercise or emotional stress results in the pain characteristic of __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Ischemic
2) Angina pectoris |
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Term
| __________ __________, or heart attack, is a very serious, often fatal, consequence of cardiovascular disease. |
|
Definition
| 1) Myocardial infarction (MI) |
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Term
| The part of cardiac muscle deprived of oxygen that dies within a few minutes during a heart attack is referred to as an __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________, a clot that forms within a blood vessel or within the heart, can block a sizable branch of a coronary artery. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is a blockage that prevents blood flow to a large region of cardiac muscle and may cause the heart to stop beating resulting in __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is when the heart ceases to beat. |
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Definition
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Term
| An episode of ischema may trigger a fatal arrhythmia such as __________ __________, a condition in which the ventricles contract very rapidly without actually pumping blood. |
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Definition
| 1) Ventricular fibrillation |
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Term
| The only effective treatment for fibrillation is __________ with electric shock. |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with progressive cardiovascular disease can be treated with __________ __________ __________ in which veins from another location in the patient's body are grafted around occluded coronary arteries. |
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Definition
| 1) Coronary bypass surgery |
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Term
| __________ __________ is a procedure which involves inserting a small balloon into an occluded coronary artery. Inflating the balloon breaks up the plaque in the arterial wall and thus widens the vessel. |
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Definition
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Term
Blood pressure is greatest in the large __________, decreasing as blood flows away from the heart and through the smaller __________ and __________.
By the time blood enters the veins, its pressure is very (high/low). |
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Definition
1) Arteries
2) Arteries
3) Capillaries
4) Low |
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Term
| Flow of blood through veins depends on several factors, including __________ muscle movement, which (compresses/expands) veins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most veins larger than 2mm in diameter that conduct blood against the force of gravity are equipped with __________ to prevent backflow; they usually consist of two __________ formed by inward extensions of the vein wall. |
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Definition
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Term
When standing perfectly still for long periods of time, veins become fully distended and are unable to accept any more blood from the __________.
Pressure in the capillaries (increases/decreases), and (large/small) amounts of plasma are forced out of the circulation through thin capillary walls.
Arterial blood pressure (rises/falls) dramatically, (increasing/decreasing) blood flow to the brain.
-Sometimes a resulting lack of oxygen in the brain causes __________, a protective response.
-Lying in a __________ position increases blood supply to the brain. |
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Definition
1) Capillaries
2) Increases
3) Large
4) Falls
5) Decreasing
6) Fainting
7) Prone |
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Term
| When blood pressure decreases, __________ nerves to the blood vessels stimulate __________, causing the pressure to rise again. |
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Definition
1) Sympathetic
2) Vasoconstriction |
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Term
| __________ are specialized receptors in the walls of certain arteries and in the heart wall; they are sensitive to changes in blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| When an increase in blood pressure stretched the baroreceptors, messages are sent to the __________ and __________ centers in the __________ of the brain. |
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Definition
1) Cardiac
2) Vasomotor
3) Medulla |
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Term
| The __________ center stimulates __________ nerves to slow the heart, lowering blood pressure. |
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Definition
1) Cardiac
2) Parasympathetic |
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Term
| The __________ center inhibits __________ nerves that constrict arterioles; this action causes __________, which also lowers blood pressure. |
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Definition
1) Vasomotor
2) Sympathetic
3) Vasodilation |
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Term
| In response to low blood pressure, the kidneys release __________, which activates the __________-__________-__________ pathway. |
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Definition
1) Renin
2) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone |
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Term
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, renin acts on a plasma protein (__________), triggering a cascade of reactions that produce the hormone __________, a powerful vasoconstrictor.
Vasoconstriction (increases/decreases) blood pressure, restoring homeostasis. |
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Definition
1) Angiotensinogen
2) Angiotensin II
3) Incrreases |
|
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Term
| __________ acts indirectly to maintain blood pressure by increasing the synthesis and release of the hormone aldosterone by the __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Angiotensin II
2) Adrenal glands |
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Term
| __________ increase the retention of Na+ by the kidneys resulting in greater fluid retention and increased blood volume. |
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Definition
|
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Term
When the body becomes dehydrated, the osmotic concentration of the blood (decreases/increases).
In response, the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Increases
2) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Term
__________ __________ increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys (and only a small volume of concentrated urine is produced).
Blood volume (increases/decreases), (increasing/decreasing) blood pressure and restoring homeostasis. |
|
Definition
1) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2) Increases
3) Increasing |
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Term
| When blood volume increases, the atria of the heart release a hormone called __________ __________ __________, which increases sodium excretion; this (increases/decreases) blood pressure. |
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Definition
1) Atrial natriueretic peptide (ANP)
2) Decreases |
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Term
| __________ __________ also helps regulated blood pressure by causing vasodilation and thus decreased blood pressure. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Most vertebrates other than fishes have a double circuit of blood vessels:
1. The __________ circulation connects the hearts and lungs; and
2. The __________ circulation connects the heart with all the body tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
Blood from the tissues returns to the __________ __________ of the heart.
This oxygen-poor blood, loaded with __________ __________ (compound), is pumped by the __________ __________ into __________ circulation.
As it emerges from the heart, the large pulmonary trunk branches to form the __________ __________ that deliver blood to the lungs. |
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Definition
1) Right atrium
2) Carbon dioxide
3) Right ventricle
4) Pulmonary
5) Pulmonary arteries |
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Term
| The __________ __________ are the only arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood. |
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Definition
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Term
In the lungs, the __________ __________ branch into smaller and smaller vessels, which finally give rise to extensive networks of __________ __________ that surround the air sacs of the lungs.
As blood circulates through the __________ __________, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the air sacs.
Oxygen from the air sacs diffuses into the blood so that by the time it enters the __________ __________ leading back to the __________ atrium of the heart, the blood is charged with oxygen. |
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Definition
1) Pulmonary arteries
2) Pulmonary capillaries
3) Pulmonary capillaries
4) Pulmonary veins
5) Left |
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Term
| The __________ __________ are the only veins in the body that carry blood rich in oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood entering the __________ circulation is pumped by the left ventricle into the __________, the largest artery. |
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Definition
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Term
Arteries that branch off from the __________ conduct blood to all regions of the body:
-The __________ __________ pump blood to the heart wall itself;
-The __________ __________ pump blood the brain;
-The __________ __________ pump blood to the shoulder region;
-The __________ __________ pumps blood to the intestine;
-The __________ __________ pump blood to the kidneys; and
-The __________ __________ pump blood to the legs. |
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Definition
1) Aorta
2) Coronary arteries
3) Carotid arteries
4) Subclavian arteries
5) Mesenteric artery
6) Renal arteries
7) Iliac arteries |
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Term
Blood returning from the capillary networks within the brain pass through the __________ __________.
Blood from the shoulders and arms drains into the __________ __________.
These veins and others returning blood from the upper portion of the body merge to form a very large vein that empties blood into the right atrium; in humans this veins is called the __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Jugular veins
2) Subclavian veins
3) Superior vena cava |
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Term
| The __________ __________ from the kidneys, __________ __________ from the lower limbs, __________ __________ from the liver, and other veins from the lower portion of the body return blood to the __________ __________ __________, which delivers blood to the right atrium. |
|
Definition
1) Renal veins
2) Iliac veins
3) Hepatic veins
4) Inferior vena cava |
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Term
In humans, __________ __________ give rise to a network of capillaries within the heart wall.
The __________ __________ join to form a large vein, the __________ __________, which empties directly into the right atrium. |
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Definition
1) Coronary arteries
2) Coronary veins
3) Coronary sinus |
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Term
| Blood almost always travels from __________ to __________ to __________ to heart; however, an exception occurs in the __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Artery
2) Capillary
3) Vein
4) Hepatic portal system |
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Term
In the hepatic portal system, instead of blood leading directly back to the heart (as most veins do), the hepatic portal vein delivers nutrients from the __________ to the __________.
Within the __________, the hepatic portal vein gives rise to an extensive network of tiny blood sinuses.
As blood courses through the __________ __________, liver cells remove nutrients and store them.
Eventually liver sinuses merge to form __________ __________, which deliver blood to the __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Intestine
2) Liver
3) Liver
4) Hepatic sinuses
5) Hepatic veins
6) Inferior vena cava |
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Term
| Vertebrates have in addition to the blood circulatory system, an accessory circulatory system, the __________ __________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
The three primary functions of the lymphatic system are:
1. Collects and returns interstitial fluid to the blood;
2. Launches __________ responses that defend the body against disease organisms; and
3. Absorbs __________ from the digestive tract. |
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Definition
|
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Term
The lymphatic system consists of:
1. An extensive network of __________ __________, or simply __________ that conduct __________: the clear, watery fluid formed within the interstitial fluid; and
2. __________ __________, a type of connective tissue with large numbers of lymphocytes. |
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Definition
1) Lymphatic vessels
2) Lymphatics
3) Lymph
4) Lymph tissue |
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Term
| Lymph tissues is organized into small masses of tissue called __________ __________ and __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Lymph nodes
2) Lymph nodules |
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Term
| What are three major organs involved with the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
1) Tonsils
2) Thymus gland
3) Spleen |
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Term
| Lymph __________ join to form larger lymphatics; there are no lymph __________. |
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Definition
1) Capillaries
2) Arteries |
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Term
Circulation of the Lymphatic System
-Interstitial fluid enters __________ __________, where it becomes lymph.
-The lymph is conveyed into __________, which at certain locations empty into lymph nodes.
-As lymph circulates through the __________ __________, phagocytes filter out bacteria and other harmful materials.
-The lymph then flows into __________ that conduct it away from the lymph node.
-Lymphatics from all over the body conduct lymph toward the __________ region.
-These vessels join the circulatory system at the based of the subclavian veins by way of ducts: the __________ duct on the left side and the __________ __________ duct on the right. |
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Definition
1) Lymph capillaries
2) Lymphatics
3) Lymph nodes
4) Lymphatics
5) Shoulder
6) Thoracic
7) Right lymphatic |
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Term
| __________ are masses of lymph tissues under the lining of the oral cavity and throat. (When enlarged, the pharyngeal tonsils in the back of the nose are called __________.) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Tonsils help protect the __________ (organ system) system from infection by destroying bacteria and other foreign matter that enter the body through the __________ or __________. |
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Definition
1) Respiratory
2) Mouth
3) Nose |
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Term
When blood enters a capillary network, it is under rather (high/low) pressure, so some plasma is forced out of the capillaries into the __________.
Once it leaves the blood vessels, the fluid is called __________ __________, or tissue fluid.
-It contains no (RBCs/WBCs) or platelets and only a few (RBCs/WBCs).
-Its protein content is about __________ that found in plasma, because proteins are too large to easily pass through capillary walls. |
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Definition
1) High
2) Tissues
3) Interstitial fluid
4) RBCs
5) WBCs
6) 1/4th |
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Term
| __________ __________ contains glucose, amino acids, oxygen, a variety of salts, and other nutrients, and bathes all the cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The main force (__________ __________) pushing plasma out of the blood is __________ pressure, that is, the blood pressure against the capillary wall. |
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Definition
1) Filtration pressure
2) Hydrostatic |
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Term
| The __________ __________ of the interstitial fluid adds to the filtration process. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| At the venous ends of the capillaries, the blood hydrostatic pressure is much (higher/lower), and the osmotic pressure of the blood draws fluid back into the __________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Obstruction of the lymphatic vessels causes __________, swelling from excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid. |
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Definition
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